The present invention provides a composite which can be produced by photostructuring a photostructurable matrix material in a composite formulation to form a structured matrix with nanoparticles, where the refractive index of the composite with nanoparticles differs from the refractive index of the composite without nanoparticles at one wavelength, selected from the range from 150 nm to 2000 nm by less than 0.5, said composite being hierarchically structured and comprising at least one structural unit (I) of a selected thickness (i) and structural units (II) branching from said structural unit (I) of a selected thickness (ii), wherein the thickness (ii) at the branch-off points is at most half the thickness (i). In addition, the present invention provides an improved process for the preparation of a composite comprising photostructured matrix material and nanoparticles contained therein and the use of the composite.

A method to control the density of a three-dimensional photonic crystal template involves changing the irradiation time from at least four laser beams to yield a periodic percolating matrix of mass and voids free of condensed matter from a photoresist composition. The photoresist composition includes a photoinitiator at a concentration where the dose or irradiation is controlled by the irradiation time and is less than the irradiation time that would convert all photoinitiator to initiating species such that the density of the three-dimensional photonic crystal template differs for different irradiation times. A deposition of reflecting or absorbing particles can be patterned on the surface of the photoresist composition to form a template with varying densities above different areas of the substrate.

A photocurable composition for three-dimensional stereolithography which has a lower viscosity and from which a cured product having a high refractive index is obtained, and a three-dimensional object formed by using the composition. The composition is a photocurable composition for three-dimensional stereolithography containing a fluorene monomer, a carbazole monomer, a diluent monomer, and a photopolymerization initiator, the carbazole monomer being contained in an amount of less than 30 wt % with respect to the total amount of the fluorene monomer and the carbazole monomer, and the diluent monomer being contained in an amount of at least 20 wt % with respect to total solids.

A method for photon induced material deposition includes providing a first solution, which contains metallate or metal ions, providing a second solution, which contains light sensitive reducing agent, such as semiconductor nanoparticles, mixing the first solution and the second solution to form a reagent on a substrate, and focusing a light source on the reagent to form a mechanically rigid deposition in the focus of the light source.

A method is provided for subtractively processing a layer of etchable material formed over an electrically conductive surface region of a workpiece. The workpiece is immersed in a liquid solution, generally but not exclusively a conductive solution, that comprises an etchant for the etchable material, so that etching of the etchable material is initiated. An electric circuit is connected to include a control electrode, a reference electrode, and the electrically conductive surface region of the workpiece. The electric circuit is used to monitor the development process dynamically at each of a plurality of intervals during the etching. The etching is terminated when the electrochemical signal satisfies a criterion indicating that the etching is complete.

There is a described a patch-clamp chip for making electrical measurements on a biological sample. The patch-clamp chip comprising a plurality of layers comprising poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) forming a stack. It comprises at least a chip surface layer comprising an aperture formed therethrough and which upwardly opens on the surface, where the biological sample is provided. A microfluidic channel layer comprising PDMS extends below the plane of the chip surface layer and comprises a microfluidic channel formed therein. The aperture of the chip surface layer downwardly opens on the microfluidic channel. Electrophysiological measurements are made between an internal solution in the microfluidic channel and the external solution on the chip surface. The measurements can be performed via a bottom electrode. A plurality of apertures and corresponding microfluidic channels can be provided to perform simultaneous measurements on a plurality of samples, independently.

The present disclosure provides a photopolymerizable composition. The photopolymerizable composition includes a) 40-60 parts by weight of a monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomer, per 100 parts of the total photopolymerizable composition; b) a photoinitiator; and c) a polymerization reaction product of components. A cured homopolymer of the monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomer has a glass transition temperature of 125 degrees Celsius or greater. The polymerization reaction product of components includes i) a diisocyanate; ii) a hydroxy functional methacrylate; iii) a polycarbonate diol; and iv) a catalyst. The polymerization reaction product includes a polyurethane methacrylate polymer. Often, the polyurethane methacrylate polymer has a weight average molecular weight of 8,000 g/mol or greater. The present disclosure further provides an article and methods thereof.

A method of forming a three-dimensional object, wherein said three-dimensional object is an insert for use between a helmet and a human body, is described. The method may use a polymerizable liquid, or resin, useful for the production by additive manufacturing of a three-dimensional object, comprising a mixture of (i) a light polymerizable liquid first component, and (ii) a second solidifiable component that is different from said first component.

A method of forming a three-dimensional object is carried out by: (a) providing a carrier and an optically transparent member having a build surface, the carrier and the build surface defining a build region therebetween; (b) filling the build region with a polymerizable liquid, the polymerizable liquid including a mixture of (i) a light polymerizable liquid first component, and (ii) a second solidifiable component that is different from the first component; (c) irradiating the build region with light through the optically transparent member to form a solid polymer scaffold from the first component and also advancing the carrier away from the build surface to form a three-dimensional intermediate having the same shape as, or a shape to be imparted to, the three-dimensional object, and containing the second solidifiable component carried in the scaffold in unsolidified and/or uncured form; and (d) concurrently with or subsequent to the irradiating step, solidifying and/or curing the second solidifiable component in the three-dimensional intermediate to form the three-dimensional object.

The present invention relates to radiation curable compositions, comprising (A1) at least one water-soluble reactive diluent (A1); (A2) at least one water-soluble reactive oligomer (A2); (B) at least one reactive component selected from the group consisting of a water insoluble reactive diluent (B1a), a slightly water-soluble reactive diluent (B1b) and a water insoluble, or slightly water-soluble reactive oligomer (B2); and (C) optionally a photoinitiator (C), wherein the amount of component (A1) and (A2) is greater than 20% by weight, especially 30% by weight based on the amount of components (A1), (A2), (B1a), (B1b) and (B2) and the amount of components (B1a), (B1b) and (B2) is greater than 10% by weight, especially 20% by weight based on the amount of components (A1), (A2), (B1a), (B1b) and (B2); radiation curable composition, comprising (A1′) at least one slightly water-soluble reactive diluent (B1b); (A2) at least one water-soluble reactive oligomer (A2); (B) at least one reactive component selected from the group consisting of a water insoluble reactive diluent (B1a) and a water insoluble, or slightly water-soluble reactive oligomer (B2); and (C) optionally a photoinitiator (C), wherein the amount of component (B1b) and (A2) is greater than 40% by weight, especially 50% by weight based on the amount of components (A2), (B1a), (B1b) and (B2) and the amount of components (B1a), (B1b) and (B2) is greater than 10% by weight, especially 20% by weight based on the amount of components (A2), (B1a), (B1b) and (B2). The radiation curable compositions can be cleaned by pure water with no assistance of any solvent or detergent. The printed three-dimensional products have clean, smooth, tack-free surface after washing with water and sufficient post-curing. The fully cured three-dimensional products are high-temperature resistant and have excellent mechanical performance above glass transition temperature, e.g. 200° C.