An electrophotographic member includes a base layer and an elastic layer on the base layer, wherein the elastic layer includes a matrix rubber, an ionic liquid including an anion and a cation, and an inorganic layered double hydroxide compound, wherein the anion is at least one selected from the group consisting of structural formulae (1) to (3), the cation is at least one selected from the group consisting of structural formulae (4) to (7), and the inorganic layered double hydroxide compound has an average value of interlayer distances of 4 Å or larger and 8 Å or smaller, which are measured by XRD.

The electro-conductive member has an electro-conductive support, and an electro-conductive layer in this order, the electro-conductive layer including a matrix and domains, the matrix constituted by a first rubber composition containing a cross-linked product of a first rubber, the domains having electro-conductivity, and dispersed in the matrix, each of the domains constituted by a second rubber composition containing a cross-linked product of a second rubber and an electro-conductive particle, the first rubber and the second rubber being diene-based rubbers, the first rubber having at least one monomer unit, the second rubber having at least one monomer unit different from the monomer unit which the first rubber has; a difference of absolute values of SP values between the first rubber and the second rubber is 0.2 (J/cm.sup.3).sup.0.5 to 4.0 (J/cm.sup.3).sup.0.5; and a tan δ1/tan δ2 is 0.45 to 2.00.

Provided an electrophotographic electro-conductive member that can stably suppress an occurrence of fogging in an electrophotographic image. The member comprises a support having an electro-conductive outer surface, and an electro-conductive layer on the outer surface of the support, the electro-conductive layer having a matrix including a cross-linked product of a first rubber, and domains dispersed in the matrix, the domains each includes a cross-linked product of a second rubber and an electro-conductive particle, at least some of the domains is exposed to the outer surface of the electro-conductive member to constitute protrusions on an outer surface of the member, the outer surface of the electro-conductive member is constituted by the matrix and the domains exposed to the outer surface of the electrophotographic electro-conductive member, the electrophotographic electro-conductive member has an impedance of 1.0×10.sup.3Ω or more and 1.0×10.sup.8Ω or less, and some of the domains satisfy two specific requirements.

Provided an electrophotographic electro-conductive member that can stably suppress an occurrence of fogging in an electrophotographic image. The member comprises a support having an electro-conductive outer surface, and an electro-conductive layer on the outer surface of the support, the electro-conductive layer having a matrix including a cross-linked product of a first rubber, and domains dispersed in the matrix, the domains each includes a cross-linked product of a second rubber and an electro-conductive particle, at least some of the domains is exposed to the outer surface of the electro-conductive member to constitute protrusions on an outer surface of the member, the outer surface of the electro-conductive member is constituted by the matrix and the domains exposed to the outer surface of the electrophotographic electro-conductive member, the electrophotographic electro-conductive member has an impedance of 1.0×10.sup.3Ω or more and 1.0×10.sup.8Ω or less, and some of the domains satisfy two specific requirements.

Providcd is anAn electrophotographic belt having a layered structure with excellent scratch resistance and excellent adhesion of layers to each other. The electrophotographic belt includes a first layer and a second layer directly covering any one of the inner peripheral surface and the outer peripheral surface of the first layer, the first layer containing a first polyester resin, and the second layer containing a second polyester resin and an acrylic resin that contains a carboxy group in its molecule.

A developing device including: a developer; and a developing member configured to carry the developer on a surface thereof, the developing roller including an electro-conductive substrate and a single-layer elastic layer serving as a surface layer on the substrate, the surface layer comprising a binder resin, and the binder resin contains a crosslinked urethane resin and a crosslinked acrylic resin, the crosslinked urethane resin and the crosslinked acrylic resin form an interpenetrating polymer network structure in a first region from an outer surface of the surface layer to a position at a depth of 0.1 μm from the outer surface, wherein the developer contains developer particles each containing at least a binder resin and a magnetic substance.

A conductive roll for electrophotographic device is provided. The conductive roll for electrophotographic device 10 includes a shaft body 12 and a non-foamed elastic body layer 14 formed on an outer periphery of the shaft body 12. The elastic body layer 14 is made of a cross-linked product of a silicone rubber composition containing the following (a) to (d), and a secondary particle diameter of the following (d) in the elastic body layer 14 is within a range of 100 to 500 nm. (a) is an organopolysiloxane, (b) is a crosslinking agent, (c) is a microcapsule catalyst made of fine resin particles which encapsulate a crosslinking catalyst by a resin other than a silicone resin, and (d) is silica with a BET specific surface area of 70 to 350 m.sup.2/g.

A conductive roll for electrophotographic device is provided. The conductive roll for electrophotographic device 10 includes a shaft body 12 and a non-foamed elastic body layer 14 formed on an outer periphery of the shaft body 12. The elastic body layer 14 is made of a cross-linked product of a silicone rubber composition containing the following (a) to (d), and a secondary particle diameter of the following (d) in the elastic body layer 14 is within a range of 100 to 500 nm. (a) is an organopolysiloxane, (b) is a crosslinking agent, (c) is a microcapsule catalyst made of fine resin particles which encapsulate a crosslinking catalyst by a resin other than a silicone resin, and (d) is silica with a BET specific surface area of 70 to 350 m.sup.2/g.

The electro-conductive member has an electro-conductive support, and an electro-conductive layer in this order, the electro-conductive layer including a matrix and domains, the matrix constituted by a first rubber composition containing a cross-linked product of a first rubber, the domains having electro-conductivity, and dispersed in the matrix, each of the domains constituted by a second rubber composition containing a cross-linked product of a second rubber and an electro-conductive particle, the first rubber and the second rubber being diene-based rubbers, the first rubber having at least one monomer unit, the second rubber having at least one monomer unit different from the monomer unit which the first rubber has; a difference of absolute values of SP values between the first rubber and the second rubber is 0.2 (J/cm.sup.3).sup.0.5 to 4.0 (J/cm.sup.3).sup.0.5; and a tan 1/tan 2 is 0.45 to 2.00.

Provided an electrophotographic electro-conductive member that can stably suppress an occurrence of fogging in an electrophotographic image. The member comprises a support having an electro-conductive outer surface, and an electro-conductive layer on the outer surface of the support, the electro-conductive layer having a matrix including a cross-linked product of a first rubber, and domains dispersed in the matrix, the domains each includes a cross-linked product of a second rubber and an electro-conductive particle, at least some of the domains is exposed to the outer surface of the electro-conductive member to constitute protrusions on an outer surface of the member, the outer surface of the electro-conductive member is constituted by the matrix and the domains exposed to the outer surface of the electrophotographic electro-conductive member, the electrophotographic electro-conductive member has an impedance of 1.010.sup.3 or more and 1.010.sup.8 or less, and some of the domains satisfy two specific requirements.