A liquid electrophotographic varnish composition comprising: a polymer resin; an epoxy-based cross-linking agent; a solid catalyst comprising at least one amine group; and a carrier liquid.

Provided in one example herein is a liquid electrophotographic ink composition. The composition comprises a charge director; a non-polar carrier fluid comprising a polymer; and ink particles each comprising a polymeric resin mixture comprising a first polymeric resin having a first melting temperature and a second polymeric resin having a second melting temperature. The second polymeric resin may be a UV-curable polymer that is solid at room temperature, and the second melting temperature is lower than the first melting temperature.

Provided is a liquid developer containing a carrier liquid with an SP value of not more than 8.20, a toner particle that is insoluble in the carrier liquid, and a toner particle dispersing agent, wherein the toner particle contains a polyester resin with an acid value of from 5 mg KOH/g to 50 mg KOH/g, a number-average molecular weight of the polyester resin is from 3,500 to 20,000, the toner particle dispersing agent is a polymer having a primary amino group, an amine value of the polymer having the primary amino group is from 30 mg KOH/g to 200 mg KOH/g, and a ratio of a total number of acid groups in the polyester resin relative to a total number of amino groups in the polymer having the primary amino group is from 1.0 to 10.0.

Described herein is a printed photovoltaic cell comprising an anode; an LEP printed cathode; and an LEP printed photovoltaic layer disposed between the anode and the cathode. The photovoltaic layer comprises a material with a perovskite structure having a chemical formula selected from ABX.sub.3 and A.sub.2BX.sub.6 and a thermoplastic resin comprising a copolymer of an alkylene monomer and a monomer having acidic side groups; and/or a copolymer of an alkylene monomer and an ethylenically unsaturated monomer comprising an epoxide; and/or a copolymer of an alkylene monomer, an ethylenically unsaturated monomer comprising an epoxide, and a monomer selected from a monomer having acidic side groups, a monomer having ester side groups and a mixture thereof. The printed cathode comprises: a thermoplastic resin; and electrically conductive metal particles. Also described herein is a method of producing the printed photovoltaic cell and an ink set for use in the method.

A liquid developer comprising: a toner particle containing binder resin; a carrier liquid; and a basic toner particle dispersing agent, wherein the basic toner particle dispersing agent is a primary amine, an acid value of the binder resin is at least 10 mg KOH/g, an acid value of a component having a molecular weight of not more than 2,000 contained in the binder resin is not more than 5 mg KOH/g, and a hydroxyl value of the component having a molecular weight of not more than 2,000 contained in the binder resin is not more than 10 mg KOH/g.

A liquid developer comprising a toner particle containing a binder resin and a carbon black, a toner particle dispersing agent, and a carrier liquid, wherein amounts of group 15 elements, group 16 elements, and group 17 elements on a surface of the carbon black are respectively 0.1 atomic percent or less with respect to a total amount of elements on the carbon black surface.

The present invention can provide a liquid developer that can accommodate faster process speeds by image forming apparatuses, in which the liquid developer contains a toner particle comprising a polyester resin, and a carrier liquid having a vinyl ether compound. The liquid developer further contains a polymer compound having a structural unit represented by formula (1) in either of the toner particle or the carrier liquid. ##STR00001##

Herein is disclosed a liquid electro photographic (LEP) printing composition comprising: a first resin component comprising an ethylene acrylic acid resin, an ethylene methacrylic acid resin or combinations thereof; and a second resin component present in an amount of about 20% to about 80% by weight of total solids content of the composition, the second resin component having a melting point of from about 50° C. to about 75° C., which is below the melting point of the first resin component, or from about 140° C. to about 180° C., which is above the melting point of the first resin component.

A method for determining coat weight of a printed transparent electrophotographic composition is described, in which a calibration composition is added to a transparent liquid electrophotographic composition to produce a test composition, the calibration composition comprising a carrier liquid, a polymer resin, and at least 5 wt. % of an optical brightening agent based on the total solids content of the calibration composition. The test composition is electrophotographically printed onto a test substrate to produce the printed transparent electrophotographic ink composition; the fluorescence of the printed transparent electrophotographic composition is measured; and the coat weight of the printed transparent electrophotographic composition is determine based on the fluorescence of the printed transparent electrophotographic composition.

A liquid developer contains: a toner particle; a carrier liquid; and either a polymer compound containing a monomer unit having a polysiloxane chain and a monomer unit having an amino group or a polymer compound containing a monomer unit having a polyester chain containing a cyclic structure and a monomer unit having an amino group.