An arc chamber has a liner operably coupled to body. The liner has a second surface recessed from a first surface and a hole having a first diameter. The liner has a liner lip extending upwardly from the second surface toward the first surface that surrounds the hole and has a second diameter. An electrode has a shaft and head. The shaft has a third diameter that is less than the first diameter and passes through the body and hole and is electrically isolated from the liner by an annular gap. The head has a fourth diameter and a third surface having an electrode lip extending downwardly from the third surface toward the second surface. The electrode lip has a fifth diameter that is between the second and fourth diameters. A spacing between the liner lip and electrode lip defines a labyrinth seal and generally prevents contaminants from entering the annular gap. The shaft has an annular groove configured to accept a boron nitride seal.

An ion source having a thermally isolated repeller is disclosed. The repeller comprises a repeller disk and a plurality of spokes originating at the back surface of the repeller disk and terminating in a post. In certain embodiments, the post may be hollow through at least a portion of its length. The use of spokes rather than a central stem may reduce the thermal conduction from the repeller disk to the post. By incorporating a hollow post, the thermal conduction is further reduced. This configuration may increase the temperature of the repeller disk by more than 100 C. In certain embodiments, radiation shields are provided on the back surface of the repeller disk to reduce the amount of radiation emitted from the sides of the repeller disk. This may also help increase the temperature of the repeller. A similar design may be utilized for other electrodes in the ion source.

An arc chamber liner has first and second surfaces and a hole having a first diameter. A liner lip having a second diameter extends upwardly from the second surface toward the first surface and surrounds the hole. An electrode has a shaft with a third diameter and a head with a fourth diameter. The third diameter is less than the first diameter and passes through the body and hole and is electrically isolated from the liner by an annular gap. The head has a third surface having an electrode lip extending downwardly from the third surface toward the second surface. The electrode lip has a fifth diameter between the second and fourth diameters. A spacing between the liner and electrode lips defines a labyrinth seal to generally prevent contaminants from entering the annular gap. The shaft has an annular groove configured to accept a boron nitride seal.

Flash tubes for photographic use, in particular, a flash tube is adapted to provide a light output adapted to FP-sync, Flat Peak. The flash tube includes a length of glass tubing enclosing a gas for use in the flash tube, a cathode inside a first end part of glass tubing and an anode inside a second end part of glass tubing. The cathode includes an element that helps to ionize the gas that is wound around the cathode, such that a spark stream starts from the upper part of the cathode and is prevented from spreading down wards on the cathode and changing the arc length during the light output adapted to FP-sync.

Flash tubes for photographic use, in particular, a flash tube is adapted to provide a light output adapted to FP-sync, Flat Peak. The flash tube includes a length of glass tubing enclosing a gas for use in the flash tube, a cathode inside a first end part of glass tubing and an anode inside a second end part of glass tubing. The cathode includes an element that helps to ionize the gas that is wound around the cathode, such that a spark stream starts from the upper part of the cathode and is prevented from spreading down wards on the cathode and changing the arc length during the light output adapted to FP-sync.

Flash tubes for photographic use, in particular a flash tube is adapted to provide a light output adapted to FP-sync, Flat Peak. The flash tube includes a length of glass tubing enclosing a gas for use in the flash tube, a cathode inside a first end part of glass tubing and an anode inside a second end part of glass tubing. The cathode includes an element that helps to ionize the gas that is wound around the cathode, such that a spark stream starts from the upper part of the cathode and is prevented from spreading down wards on the cathode and changing the arc length during the light output adapted to FP-sync.

Flash tubes for photographic use, in particular a flash tube is adapted to provide a light output adapted to FP-sync, Flat Peak. The flash tube includes a length of glass tubing enclosing a gas for use in the flash tube, a cathode inside a first end part of glass tubing and an anode inside a second end part of glass tubing. The cathode includes an element that helps to ionize the gas that is wound around the cathode, such that a spark stream starts from the upper part of the cathode and is prevented from spreading down wards on the cathode and changing the arc length during the light output adapted to FP-sync.