A phase shifter includes a signal input, a signal output, an ESD protection circuit, first and second signal paths between the signal input and the signal output. The ESD protection circuit includes first and second two port devices, each two port device being switchable between a high impedance state and a low impedance state. The first signal path includes the first two port device of the ESD protection circuit and a first delay line configured to provide a first phase shift to a signal transmitted from the signal input to the signal output via the first signal path. The second signal path includes the second two port device of the ESD protection circuit and a second delay line configured to provide a second phase shift, different from the first phase shift, to the signal transmitted from the signal input to the signal output via the second signal path.

A passive vector modulator (PVM) includes a divider that splits an input signal into a first divided signal and a second divided signal 90° apart in phase. The PVM includes a switched transformer phase shifter including primary windings to form first primary windings and second primary windings receiving the first divided signal and the second divided signal respectively. First secondary windings are coupled to the first primary windings, the first secondary windings being center-tapped and outputting first and second phase shifted output signals, phase shifted 180° and 0° respectively. Second secondary windings are coupled to the second primary windings, the second secondary windings being center-tapped and outputting third and fourth phase shifted signals, phase shifted 270° and 90° respectively. The PVM includes a switch configured to receive the phase shifted output signals. The switch selectively outputs one of the phase shifted output signals, or a combination, from the PVM.

A phase shift element includes an antenna, a first dielectric layer, a ground plane mounted to a first surface of the first dielectric layer, a reflecting circuit, and a single antenna-reflector line connected between the antenna and the reflecting circuit through the ground plane and the first dielectric layer. The antenna-reflector line is formed of a conducting material. The reflecting circuit is mounted to a second surface of the first dielectric layer. The first surface is opposite the second surface. The reflecting circuit is configured to reflect a signal received on the single antenna-reflector line from the antenna back to the antenna on the single antenna-reflector line. The reflecting circuit is further configured to be switchable between four different impedance levels that each provide a different phase shift when the signal is reflected by the reflecting circuit.

A phase shifter includes a radio frequency input transmission line, a radio frequency output transmission line, and a first branch and a second branch coupled in parallel between the radio frequency input transmission line and the radio frequency output transmission line, the first branch includes first switch components and first transmission lines coupled in series, and the second branch includes a second transmission line including a first terminal coupled to the radio frequency input transmission line and a second terminal, a third transmission line including a third terminal coupled to the second terminal and a fourth terminal coupled to the radio frequency output transmission line, second switch components, where one terminal of each of the second switch components is coupled to a connection node of the second transmission line and the third transmission line, and the other terminal is coupled to a corresponding grounding component.

Apparatus, system and method for operating a transmission line. The transmission line includes two non-electrically coupled conductive sections. At least one electronic device is coupled to and between the two sections of the transmission line. The at least one electronic device are configured to stably maintain, in the absence of electric current applied to the at least one electronic device, a conductive state, and a non-conductive state, as between the two sections of the transmission line.

First and second paths (I,II) are connected in parallel between an input terminal (IN) and an output terminal (OUT). A high-pass filter (HPF) is provided in the first path (I). A low-pass filter (LPF) is provided in the second path (II). A switch (SW1-SW4) connects one of the high-pass filter (HPF) and the low-pass filter (LPF) to the input terminal (IN) and the output terminal (OUT) and disconnects the other. A transmission line (TL1,TL2) is provided on the first and second paths (I,II) respectively. A line length of the transmission line (TL1,TL2) is adjusted such that a resonance caused due to circuit constants of the high-pass filter (HPF) and the low-pass filter (LPF) and capacitance obtained when the switch (SW1-SW4) is OFF is shifted to a communication frequency band.

First and second paths (I,II) are connected in parallel between an input terminal (IN) and an output terminal (OUT). A high-pass filter (HPF) is provided in the first path (I). A low-pass filter (LPF) is provided in the second path (II). A switch (SW1-SW4) connects one of the high-pass filter (HPF) and the low-pass filter (LPF) to the input terminal (IN) and the output terminal (OUT) and disconnects the other. A transmission line (TL1,TL2) is provided on the first and second paths (I,II) respectively. A line length of the transmission line (TL1,TL2) is adjusted such that a resonance caused due to circuit constants of the high-pass filter (HPF) and the low-pass filter (LPF) and capacitance obtained when the switch (SW1-SW4) is OFF is shifted to a communication frequency band.

Aspects of the present disclosure includes a phase shifter that includes a first meandering transmission line having a first input configured to receive a first input signal and a first output configured to provide a first output signal; and a plurality of switches configured to adjust an effective electrical length of the first meandering transmission line. In some embodiments, a method for processing a millimeter wave communication signal in a phase-array antenna includes determining a phase shift appropriate for the millimeter wave communication signal; determining configuration of a plurality of switches configured to adjust an effective electrical length of a first meandering transmission line configured to receive the millimeter wave communication signal; and setting the plurality of switches

An antenna has a reflector and an active element. The reflector includes a multi-segment metal structure having a length within a first value range. The multi-segment metal structure includes a first metal structure connected to a second metal structure. A PIN diode is disposed on the first metal structure. The first metal structure is parallel to a polarization direction of the active element. The second metal structure is perpendicular to the first metal structure.

An antenna has a reflector and an active element. The reflector includes a multi-segment metal structure having a length within a first value range. The multi-segment metal structure includes a first metal structure connected to a second metal structure. A PIN diode is disposed on the first metal structure. The first metal structure is parallel to a polarization direction of the active element. The second metal structure is perpendicular to the first metal structure.