Systems and methods for a tunable impedance are provided. A tunable impedance includes a transistor assembly having two terminals and a control input. The transistor assembly includes one or more transistors electrically connected between the two terminals to provide a first impedance between the two terminals, based upon a control signal. One or more replica transistors react to the control signal in a similar fashion as the transistor assembly, to provide a replica impedance based upon the control signal. A control circuit is configured to generate the control signal based upon a voltage across the replica transistor(s) and/or a current through the replica transistor(s).

A programmable impedance element consists of a plurality of nominally identical two-port elements, each two-port element having an impedance element and two switches, the two-port elements arranged in a chain fashion with a structured set of switches such that a range of impedances can be obtained from each cell by dynamically changing the connections between the impedance elements in the cell. The common cell is constructed by connecting the nominally identical two-port impedance elements in a way that the number of possible combinations of the impedance elements is reduced to the subset of all possible combinations that uses the minimum possible number of connections. This structure allows the creation of matched impedances using industry standard devices. The connections between impedance elements are switches that may be “field-programmable,” i.e., that may be set on the chip after manufacture and configured during operation of the circuit, or alternatively may be mask programmable.

A low-pass filter circuit is provided. The low-pass filter circuit includes a low-pass filter and a discharging circuit. The low-pass filter receives an input voltage signal through an input terminal of the low-pass filter circuit during a first period, performs a low-pass filter operation on the input voltage signal to generate a filtered voltage signal, and provides the filtered voltage signal to an output terminal of the low-pass filter circuit. The discharging circuit suppresses a leakage current flowing between the output terminal and a reference low voltage in response to the input voltage signal during the first period.

A server farm has servers with at least one hybrid computing module operating at a system clock speed that optimally matches the intrinsic clock speed of a semiconductor die embedded within a high speed semiconductor chip stack or mounted upon the semiconductor carrier.

An electronically controllable resistor (ECR) designed for changing the resistance of a portion of a circuit comprises a voltage converter, a subtractor, an instrumental resistor (IR), and an executive element (EE) which can include at least one MOSFET or IGBT or a vacuum tube. There are a high-potential and two control voltage sources. The converter, which can use logarithmic amplifiers or be digital, is adapted to multiply the high-potential voltage by one of the control voltages and divide by another one. The resulting intermediate voltage is applied to the subtractor and compared therein with a voltage drop on the IR created by the current flowing through the IR and the EE. Thus, the ECR resistance can be regulated. The ECR makes it possible to achieve a wide range of resistance values, down to ultra-small values, while maintaining tolerance to destabilizing factors, including temperature. Also claimed is an ECR control circuit.

Some applications require a noise filter to have a very low cutoff frequency. The low cutoff frequency can require the use of a large resistor that is not suitable for integration in an integrated circuit (IC) package. Smaller components can be used to provide a large resistance in a first direction but not in another. In other words, the resistance of these smaller components may be non-reciprocal. A non-reciprocal resistance can affect a response of the noise filter to disruptions at the input or the output. Additionally, these smaller components may not be suitable for low voltage operation. A noise filter is disclosed that provides a high resistance using components that can be included in an integrated circuit package. The noise filter has a reciprocal effective resistance and can utilize technology suitable for low voltage operation.

Systems and methods for a tunable impedance are provided. A tunable impedance includes a transistor assembly having two terminals and a control input. The transistor assembly includes one or more transistors electrically connected between the two terminals to provide a first impedance between the two terminals, based upon a control signal. One or more replica transistors react to the control signal in a similar fashion as the transistor assembly, to provide a replica impedance based upon the control signal. A control circuit is configured to generate the control signal based upon a voltage across the replica transistor(s) and/or a current through the replica transistor(s).

A server farm with at least one hybrid computing module operating at clock speed optimally matching intrinsic clock speed of a related semiconductor die related thereto.

A fully integrated gyrator with a high speed stack and networks of server farms and telecommunication modes incorporating the gyrator.

Some applications require a noise filter to have a very low cutoff frequency. The low cutoff frequency can require the use of a large resistor that is not suitable for integration in an integrated circuit (IC) package. Smaller components can be used to provide a large resistance in a first direction but not in another. In other words, the resistance of these smaller components may be non-reciprocal. A non-reciprocal resistance can affect a response of the noise filter to disruptions at the input or the output. Additionally, these smaller components may not be suitable for low voltage operation. A noise filter is disclosed that provides a high resistance using components that can be included in an integrated circuit package. The noise filter has a reciprocal effective resistance and can utilize technology suitable for low voltage operation.