A transmitter provides a duobinary signal corresponding to one of level 0, level 1, and level 2 based on first data and second data, and includes a pull-up driving circuit including a plurality of pull-up resistors selectively coupled between a first power source and a transmission node according to the first data and the second data; and a pull-down driving circuit including a plurality of pull-down resistors selectively coupled between the transmission node and a second power source, wherein at least one of the plurality of pull-up resistors is coupled between the first power source and the transmission node both when the first data is activated and when the second data is activated, or at least one of the plurality of pull-down resistors is coupled between the second power source and the transmission node both when the first data is activated and when the second data is activated.

A transmitter provides a duobinary signal corresponding to one of level 0, level 1, and level 2 based on first data and second data, and includes a pull-up driving circuit including a plurality of pull-up resistors selectively coupled between a first power source and a transmission node according to the first data and the second data; and a pull-down driving circuit including a plurality of pull-down resistors selectively coupled between the transmission node and a second power source, wherein at least one of the plurality of pull-up resistors is coupled between the first power source and the transmission node both when the first data is activated and when the second data is activated, or at least one of the plurality of pull-down resistors is coupled between the second power source and the transmission node both when the first data is activated and when the second data is activated.

Main wiring including a plurality of differential transmission lines for transmitting differential signals is formed on a motherboard. Termination resistors, provided at both ends of each of the plurality of differential transmission lines, connect the plurality of differential transmission lines to each other. A plurality of daughter boards are connected in parallel to each other via the main wiring. A line characteristic impedance of each differential transmission line is higher than a termination resistance value, which is a resistance value of the termination resistor.

Main wiring including a plurality of differential transmission lines for transmitting differential signals is formed on a motherboard. Termination resistors, provided at both ends of each of the plurality of differential transmission lines, connect the plurality of differential transmission lines to each other. A plurality of daughter boards are connected in parallel to each other via the main wiring. A line characteristic impedance of each differential transmission line is higher than a termination resistance value, which is a resistance value of the termination resistor.

Integrated circuits described herein implement an x-input logic gate. The integrated circuit includes a plurality of Schottky diodes that includes x Schottky diodes and a plurality of source-follower transistors that includes x source-follower transistors. Each respective source-follower transistor of the plurality of source-follower transistors includes a respective gate node that is coupled to a respective Schottky diode. A first source-follower transistor of the plurality of source-follower transistors is connected serially to a second source-follower transistor of the plurality of source-follower transistors.

A transmitter includes a driving circuitry configured to drive a channel coupled to an output node by controlling an output impedance of a pull-up path, an output impedance of a pull-down path, or both, according to one or more multi-bit data signals, a pull-up control signal, and a pull-down control signal; a driving control circuit configured to generate the pull-up control signal and the pull-down control signal according to one or more calibration signals and the multi-bit data signals or according to the calibration signals and one or more duplicate multi-bit data signals, the duplicate multi-bit data signals duplicating the multi-bit data signals; and a look-up table storing values of the calibration signals.

A transmitter includes a driving circuitry configured to drive a channel coupled to an output node by controlling an output impedance of a pull-up path, an output impedance of a pull-down path, or both, according to one or more multi-bit data signals, a pull-up control signal, and a pull-down control signal; a driving control circuit configured to generate the pull-up control signal and the pull-down control signal according to one or more calibration signals and the multi-bit data signals or according to the calibration signals and one or more duplicate multi-bit data signals, the duplicate multi-bit data signals duplicating the multi-bit data signals; and a look-up table storing values of the calibration signals.

A transmitter includes a driving circuitry configured to drive a channel coupled to an output node by controlling an output impedance of a pull-up path, an output impedance of a pull-down path, or both, according to one or more multi-bit data signals, a pull-up control signal, and a pull-down control signal; a driving control circuit configured to generate the pull-up control signal and the pull-down control signal according to one or more calibration signals and the multi-bit data signals or according to the calibration signals and one or more duplicate multi-bit data signals, the duplicate multi-bit data signals duplicating the multi-bit data signals; and a look-up table storing values of the calibration signals.

A transmitter includes a driving circuitry configured to drive a channel coupled to an output node by controlling an output impedance of a pull-up path, an output impedance of a pull-down path, or both, according to one or more multi-bit data signals, a pull-up control signal, and a pull-down control signal; a driving control circuit configured to generate the pull-up control signal and the pull-down control signal according to one or more calibration signals and the multi-bit data signals or according to the calibration signals and one or more duplicate multi-bit data signals, the duplicate multi-bit data signals duplicating the multi-bit data signals; and a look-up table storing values of the calibration signals.

Various embodiments relate to an amplitude shift keying (ASK) demodulator for demodulating an input signal, including: a frequency filter configured to receive the input signal, wherein the frequency filter includes adjustable components configured to adjust the frequency response of the frequency filter; a rectifier configured to rectify an output of the frequency filter, wherein the rectifier includes an adjustable current source configured to adjust the current consumption of the rectifier; a reference signal generator configured to produce a reference signal; a current to voltage converter configured to convert the current of the rectified signal to a rectified voltage and to convert the current of the reference signal to a reference voltage; and a comparator configured to compare the rectified voltage to the reference voltage and to produce a demodulated output signal.