An integrated access and backhaul network is provided with network nodes that can establish timing synchronization with any other network nodes. In an embodiment, network nodes in a multi-hop integrated access and backhaul network have a hop order of n, wherein n represents a number of hops from a node connected to the core network via a wired connection. In an embodiment, instead of using the network node with a hop order of 0 as the timing synchronization reference for over-the-air synchronization, any network node can use any other network node as a synchronization reference. A relay node can first establish a wireless link to said arbitrary node. Said wireless link is then used to synchronize the relay or IAB node using a Precision Time Protocol (PTP) implementation.

Cellular (e.g., LTE or UMTS) and global navigation satellite system (GNSS) based technologies can provide ubiquitous and seamless synchronization solution for LTE-based vehicle to everything (V2X) or Proximity Services synchronization (ProSe) services. For example, by using joint GNSS timing references and LTE cellular network timing references for V2X or ProSe system synchronization benefits of using GNSS technologies to improve synchronization procedure for LTE based V2X or ProSe services can be enabled, including: (1) accurate and stable timing, (2) availability of a global and stable timing reference and (3) ability to propagate GNSS timing by user equipment having sufficient GNSS signal quality.

Determination of one or more timing (phase) and/or frequency corrections to be made to a local time base of a receiver device to synchronize the local time base with the time of GPS or other highly accurate time base. Timing packets from one or more grandmaster devices whose time bases are substantially the same as that of GPS or the like and/or positioning system signals (e.g., GPS signals) directly from a positioning system are received and manipulated to determine the timing and/or frequency corrections. The corrected time base may be used to assist in acquiring such positioning signals to allow for higher accuracy correction and/or for downstream communication operation. The present utilities are advantageous such as when a sufficient number of channels (e.g., four) from the receiver device to positioning system satellites are unavailable to synchronize the local time base to the GPS or other accurate time base.

A radio node may calculate one or more performance metrics based on measured satellite signals, which are associated with a global positioning system, or wireless signals that are associated with a cellular-telephone network. Then, the radio node may determine, based on the one or more performance metrics, whether the radio node is a synchronization master in a cluster of radio nodes. When the radio node is the synchronization master, the radio node may provide information intended for a computer specifying that the radio node is the synchronization master and the one or more performance metrics. In response, the radio node may receive a synchronization request associated with another radio node in the cluster. Furthermore, the radio node may provide the synchronization information intended for the other radio node, where the synchronization information specifies time, frequency, and phase synchronization for at least the cluster.

There is provided for supporting beam correspondence. The method may be performed by a user equipment (UE) and comprise: transmitting UE capability information to a base station. The UE capability information may include first information related a capability of supporting beam correspondence. The beam correspondence may be determined based on at least a beam correspondence tolerance requirement. The beam correspondence tolerance requirement may include a delta effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of 3 dB.

There is provided for supporting beam correspondence. The method may be performed by a user equipment (UE) and comprise: transmitting UE capability information to a base station. The UE capability information may include first information related a capability of supporting beam correspondence. The beam correspondence may be determined based on at least a beam correspondence tolerance requirement. The beam correspondence tolerance requirement may include a delta effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of 3 dB.

A radio node may calculate one or more performance metrics based on measured satellite signals, which are associated with a global positioning system, or wireless signals that are associated with a cellular-telephone network. Then, the radio node may determine, based on the one or more performance metrics, whether the radio node is a synchronization master in a cluster of radio nodes. When the radio node is the synchronization master, the radio node may provide information intended for a computer specifying that the radio node is the synchronization master and the one or more performance metrics. In response, the radio node may receive a synchronization request associated with another radio node in the cluster. Furthermore, the radio node may provide the synchronization information intended for the other radio node, where the synchronization information specifies time, frequency, and phase synchronization for at least the cluster.

There is provided for supporting beam correspondence. The method may be performed by a user equipment (UE) and comprise: transmitting UE capability information to a base station. The UE capability information may include first information related a capability of supporting beam correspondence. The beam correspondence may be determined based on at least a beam correspondence tolerance requirement. The beam correspondence tolerance requirement may include a delta effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of 3 dB.

A radio node may calculate one or more performance metrics based on measured satellite signals, which are associated with a global positioning system, or wireless signals that are associated with a cellular-telephone network. Then, the radio node may determine, based on the one or more performance metrics, whether the radio node is a synchronization master in a cluster of radio nodes. When the radio node is the synchronization master, the radio node may provide information intended for a computer specifying that the radio node is the synchronization master and the one or more performance metrics. In response, the radio node may receive a synchronization request associated with another radio node in the cluster. Furthermore, the radio node may provide the synchronization information intended for the other radio node, where the synchronization information specifies time, frequency, and phase synchronization for at least the cluster.

There is provided for supporting beam correspondence. The method may be performed by a user equipment (UE) and comprise: transmitting UE capability information to a base station. The UE capability information may include first information related a capability of supporting beam correspondence. The beam correspondence may be determined based on at least a beam correspondence tolerance requirement. The beam correspondence tolerance requirement may include a delta effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of 3 dB.