An oxadiazole dye for use as an organic photosensitizer. The oxadiazole dye comprising donor-π-spacer-acceptor type portions in which at least one of an oxadiazole isomer acts as a π-conjugated bridge (spacer), a biphenyl unit acts as an electron-donating unit, a carboxyl group act as an electron acceptor group, and a cyano group acts as an anchor group. An optional thiophene group acts as part of the π-conjugated bridge (spacer). The dye for use as organic photosensitizers in a dye-sensitized solar cell and in photodynamic therapies. Computational DFT and time dependent DFT (TD-DFT) modeling techniques showing Light Harvesting Efficiency (LHE), Free Energy for Electron Injection (ΔG.sup.inject), Excitation Energies, and Frontier Molecular Orbitals (FMOs) indicate that the series of dye comprise a more negative ΔG.sup.inject and a higher LHE value; resulting in a higher incident photon to current efficiency (IPCE).

A photoelectric device includes a first photoelectric conversion layer including a heterojunction that includes a first p-type semiconductor and a first n-type semiconductor, a second photoelectric conversion layer on the first photoelectric conversion layer and including a heterojunction that includes a second p-type semiconductor and a second n-type semiconductor. A peak absorption wavelength (λ.sub.max1) of the first photoelectric conversion layer and a peak absorption wavelength (λ.sub.max2) of the second photoelectric conversion layer are included in a common wavelength spectrum of light that is one wavelength spectrum of light of a red wavelength spectrum of light, a green wavelength spectrum of light, a blue wavelength spectrum of light, a near infrared wavelength spectrum of light, or an ultraviolet wavelength spectrum of light, and a light-absorption full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the second photoelectric conversion layer is narrower than an FWHM of the first photoelectric conversion layer.

A light emitting element unit includes three light emitting elements. A first light emitting element 10a is obtained by laminating a 1a-th electrode 21a, a first organic layer 23a including a first light emitting layer, a 2a-th electrode 22a, a second organic layer 23b including a second light emitting layer, and a third organic layer 23c including a third light emitting layer. A second light emitting element 10b is obtained by laminating the first organic layer 23a, a 1b-th electrode 21b, the second organic layer 23b, a 2b-th electrode 22b, and the third organic layer 23c. A third light emitting element 10c is obtained by laminating the first organic layer 23a, the second organic layer 23b, a 1c-th electrode 21c, the third organic layer 23c, and a 2c-th electrode 22c.

A display apparatus, comprising a substrate; a light-emitting device layer arranged on the substrate, wherein the light-emitting device layer comprises a first, second, and third areas, and at least one light-emitting device emitting a first light; and a color conversion layer arranged on the light-emitting device layer, wherein the color conversion layer comprises first, second, and third color conversion areas, wherein the first color conversion area emits a first color light, the second color conversion area emits a second color light, the third color conversion area emits a third color light, a maximum emission wavelength of the first, second, and third color lights are greater than a maximum emission wavelength of the first light, a color of the third color light is identical to that of the first light, and the maximum emission wavelength of the third color light is greater than the maximum emission wavelength of the first light.

A display device comprises a substrate including a display region including a plurality of sub-pixels and a pad region outside the display region; a display element disposed in each of the plurality of sub-pixels; a low potential electrode formed in the pad region to apply a low potential voltage to the display element; a light absorption layer disposed on the low potential electrode in the pad region; and an encapsulation layer formed in the display region and the pad region.

A display device includes a metal layer between a pixel-defining layer and an opposite electrode, the metal layer contacting the opposite electrode. The display device includes subpixels disposed on a substrate. The sub-pixels each include a pixel electrode, an opposite electrode facing the pixel electrode, an emission layer disposed between the pixel electrode and the opposite electrode, a pixel-defining layer surrounding the emission layer. The display device includes a metal layer disposed between the pixel-defining layer and the opposite electrode, the metal layer contacting the opposite electrode.

A semi-transparent perovskite-based photovoltaic cell (or solar cell), wherein the photoactive perovskite layer includes at least one polysaccharide-based inert polymer in an amount ranging between 0.5% by weight and 3.5% by weight, preferably ranging between 1% by weight and 3% by weight, more preferably ranging between 1.5% by weight and 2.8% by weight, with respect to the total weight of the perovskite precursors. The semi-transparent perovskite-based photovoltaic cell (or solar cell) can be advantageously used in various applications that require the production of electricity through the exploitation of light energy, in particular solar radiation energy such as, for example: building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems; photovoltaic windows; greenhouses; photo-bioreactors; noise barriers; lighting; design; advertising; automotive industry. Said semi-transparent perovskite-based photovoltaic cell (or solar cell) can be used either in a “stand alone” mode or in modular systems.

A light-emitting layer (3) in a light-emitting element includes: a quantum dot (31); a plurality of first ligands (32) each including a first functional group (34) and a positively charged portion (35); a plurality of second ligands (33) each including a second functional group (41) and a negatively charged portion (42); and an ionic liquid (34) in which the quantum dot (31) is dispersed.

The disclosure relates to organic electroluminescent elements, compounds for use in the elements, and devices using the elements, which include a compound represented by the following General Formula (1): ##STR00001##
where R.sup.1 to R.sup.3 and R.sup.6 to R.sup.8 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, which may be a deuterium atom, or a substituent with a Hammett substituent constant σ.sub.p value of −0.15 or more, R.sup.5, R.sup.9 and R.sup.10 each independently represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent, L.sup.1 represents a divalent linking group, DG.sup.1 represents a donor group, and n1 represents 1 or 2, and where R.sup.1 to R.sup.3, R.sup.5 to R.sup.10, L.sup.1, and DG.sup.1 are not bound to each other to form a ring.

A display device includes a first polyimide layer, a first silicon oxide layer located above and in direct contact with the first polyimide layer, an amorphous silicon layer located above and in direct contact with the first silicon oxide layer, a second polyimide layer located above and in direct contact with the amorphous silicon layer, a plurality of light-emitting elements located above the second polyimide layer, a transistor array located above the second polyimide layer, the transistor array being configured to control light emission of the plurality of light-emitting elements, a transparent conductive layer located between the transistor array and the second polyimide layer, and a second silicon oxide layer located between and in direct contact with the transparent conductive layer and the second polyimide layer.