A piezoelectric element includes, in sequence, a substrate, a lower electrode layer, a growth control layer, a piezoelectric layer including a perovskite-type oxide containing lead as a main component of an A site, and an upper electrode layer. The growth control layer includes a metal oxide represented by M.sub.dN.sub.1?dO.sub.e, where M is one or more metal elements capable of substituting for the A site of the perovskite-type oxide. When the electronegativity of M is X, 1.41X?1.05?d?A1.Math.exp(?X/t1)+y0, where A1=1.68?10.sup.12, t1=0.0306, and y0=0.59958. The perovskite-type oxide is represented by (Pb.sub.a1?.sub.a2)(Zr.sub.b1Ti.sub.b2?.sub.b3)O.sub.c, where 0.5<a1/(b1+b2+b3)<1.07.

A piezoelectric device and a fabricating method thereof, and an electronic device and a controlling method thereof, which relates to the technical field of piezoelectric devices. The piezoelectric device includes: a flexible substrate and a plurality of piezoelectric units that are provided on the flexible substrate and are arranged in an array; each of the plurality of piezoelectric units includes: a first electrode, a piezoelectric component and a second electrode that are sequentially stacked on the flexible substrate; and the piezoelectric component is made from a rigid material. The present disclosure is suitable for the fabrication of piezoelectric devices.

A method for manufacturing a substrate for a radiofrequency filter by joining a piezoelectric layer to a carrier substrate via an electrically insulating layer, wherein the method comprises depositing the electrically insulating layer by spin coating an oxide belonging to the family of SOGs (spin-on glasses) on the surface of the piezoelectric layer to be joined to the carrier substrate, followed by an anneal for densifying the electrically insulating layer before joining the piezoelectric layer to the carrier substrate via the electrically insulating layer.

A piezoelectric thin film is formed by adding a donor element to lead zirconate titanate. In the piezoelectric thin film, a molar ratio of lead to a total sum of zirconium and titanium is 105% or higher, and, when positive and negative coercive electric fields in polarization and electric field hysteresis are referred to as Ec (+) and Ec (?), respectively, a value of |Ec (+) |/|Ec (?) | is 0.5 or more and 1.5 or less.

A piezoelectric device includes an active portion of a piezoelectric layer interposed between a first electrode and a second electrode is provided independently for each of a first recessed portions, the first electrode forms an individual electrode provided independently for each of the active portions, the second electrode forms a common electrode commonly provided to a plurality of the active portions, in the piezoelectric layer, a second recessed portion which is provided outside the active portion and opens on a side opposite to a substrate is provided, and in a lamination direction of the substrate and the piezoelectric element, a vibration plate has a nitride film as an uppermost layer on the second electrode side at least in a region overlapping a bottom surface of the second recessed portion.

A piezoelectric device includes a piezoelectric element including a first electrode, a second electrode, and a piezoelectric layer provided between the first electrode and the second electrode, and a driving system that drives the piezoelectric element by applying voltage to the first electrode and the second electrode, in which the driving system drives the piezoelectric element at a maximum voltage that is lower than a voltage at which a tunnel current or a Poole-Frenkel current starts to be generated in the piezoelectric element.

The present disclosure provides an ultrasonic transducer and a method for manufacturing an ultrasonic transducer, a display substrate and a method for manufacturing a display substrate. The method for manufacturing the ultrasonic transducer includes: forming a via hole in a substrate; forming a structural layer on a side of the substrate, the structural layer cover the via hole; and etching the structural layer from a side of the substrate away from the structural layer by using the substrate formed with the via hole as a blocking layer, to form a cavity at a position of the structural layer corresponding to that of the via hole.

A method of producing a film including repeating a cycle comprised of an application step, a coat removal step and a sintering step N times (N?2), wherein relative to a liquid supply position in the (n)th (1?n?N-1) cycle coat removal step, a liquid supply position in the (n+1)th cycle coat removal step is the same or shifted in a direction approaching the center of a substrate for all n(s) and at the same time, shifted in a direction approaching the center of the substrate for at least one of the (n)s; or is the same or shifted in a direction away from the center of the substrate for all n(s) and at the same time, shifted in a direction away from the center of the substrate for at least one of the (n)s.

An ultrasonic sensor includes: when two orthogonal axes are referred to as an X axis and a Y axis and a plane formed by the X axis and the Y axis is referred to as an XY plane, a substrate disposed across the XY plane; a plurality of spaces formed in the substrate in at least one direction of an X-axis direction and a Y-axis direction; a vibrating plate that is provided on the substrate such that the spaces are closed and that has a first surface on the substrate side and a second surface facing the first surface; and a piezoelectric element that is provided at a portion on the second surface side of the vibrating plate that corresponds to the space, and that transmits/receives an ultrasonic wave. At least some of the spaces are arranged to form a zigzag shape.

A method of manufacturing bistable strips having different curvatures, each strip including a plurality of portion of layers of materials, wherein at least one specific layer portion is deposited by a plasma spraying method in conditions different for each of the strips.