SENSING AND MAPPING CATHETER FOR GUIDING AND SUPPORTING BALLOON CATHETER

Abstract

A catheter configured to guide and support a balloon catheter for use in and around a pulmonary vein and its ostium, has an elongated shaft and a distal assembly, the elongated shaft including a proximal portion with a first flexibility and a distal portion including a second flexibility greater than the first flexibility, the distal assembly including an elbow portion and a generally circular portion generally transverse to the longitudinal axis, the generally circular portion including a third flexibility greater than the second flexibility. Single axis location sensors and sensing ring electrodes are carried on the generally circular portion.

Claims

1. An electrophysiology catheter, comprising: an elongated shaft defining a longitudinal axis of the catheter, the shaft including a proximal portion with a first flexibility and a distal portion including a second flexibility greater than the first flexibility; a distal assembly including an elbow portion and a generally circular portion generally transverse to the longitudinal axis, the generally circular portion including a third flexibility greater than the second flexibility; a single axis sensor situated in the generally circular portion; and a ring electrode situated on the generally circular portion.

2. The catheter of claim 1, wherein the elongated shaft includes a hypotube with a lumen.

3. The catheter of claim 2, wherein the hypotube is coextensive with the proximal portion of the shaft.

4. The catheter of claim 3, further including a preformed support member with shape memory that extends at least through the distal assembly, wherein a distal end of the preformed support member is received in the lumen of the hypotube.

5. The catheter of claim 1, further including a preformed support member with shape memory that extends at least through the distal assembly.

6. The catheter of claim 5, wherein the preformed support member includes a proximal portion that extends through the shaft.

7. The catheter of claim 5, further including a second support member proximal of the preformed support member and extending through the shaft, the second support member including a distal end that is coupled to a proximal end of the preformed support member.

8. The catheter of claim 1, wherein the proximal portion of the shaft includes a first diameter D1, the distal portion of the shaft includes a second diameter D2, and the generally circular portion of the distal assembly includes a third diameter D3, and D1>D2>D3.

9. The catheter of claim 8, wherein the elbow portion of the distal assembly includes a transition portion whose proximal end is configured with the diameter D2 and whose distal end is configured with the diameter D3.

10. The catheter of claim 8, wherein D1 ranges from about 0.030 inch to about 0.040 inch, D2 ranges from about 0.018 to 0.011 inch, and D3 is about 0.011 inch.

11. An electrophysiology catheter, comprising: an elongated shaft defining a longitudinal axis of the catheter, the shaft including a proximal portion with a first flexibility and a distal portion including a second flexibility greater than the first flexibility; a distal assembly including an elbow portion and a generally circular portion generally transverse to the longitudinal axis, the generally circular portion including a third flexibility greater than the second flexibility; a plurality of single axis sensors situated in the generally circular portion; and a plurality of ring electrodes situated on the generally circular portion.

12. The catheter of claim 11, further comprising an elongated support member with shape memory, the elongated support member being coextensive with the distal portion of the shaft and with the distal assembly.

13. The catheter of claim 11, further comprising a second support member coextensive with the proximal portion of the shaft.

14. The catheter of claim 11, further comprising a hypotube coextensive with the proximal portion of the shaft.

15. The catheter of claim 12, wherein the elongated support member coextensive with the elbow portion of the distal assembly includes a transition portion having a distal end with a smaller diameter and a proximal end with a larger diameter.

16. The catheter of claim 15, wherein the transition portion tapers from the proximal end with the larger diameter to the distal end with the smaller diameter.

17. The catheter of claim 11, wherein the proximal portion of the shaft has a first length and the distal portion of the shaft has a second length lesser than the first length.

18. The catheter of claim 11, wherein the generally circular portion is configured for circumferential contact with tissue in a tubular region.

19. The catheter of claim 11, wherein the support member includes a linear portion proximal of the generally circular portion configured to support a balloon of a second catheter for contact with an ostium of a pulmonary vein.

20. The catheter of claim 11, wherein the support member includes a generally linear portion proximal of the generally circular portion and the generally linear portion is configured to support a balloon of a second catheter for contact with an ostium of a pulmonary vein while the generally circular portion is in circumferential contact with tissue in the pulmonary vein.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0025] These and other features and advantages of the present invention will be better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. It is understood that selected structures and features have not been shown in certain drawings so as to provide better viewing of the remaining structures and features.

[0026] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a catheter of the present disclosure supporting a balloon catheter, according to one embodiment.

[0027] FIG. 2 is an end perspective view of an assembled preformed support member of a distal lasso assembly, according to one embodiment.

[0028] FIG. 3 is a side perspective view of a distal lasso assembly situated in a pulmonary vein while supporting a balloon nested in an ostium of the pulmonary vein.

[0029] FIG. 4 is a side cross-sectional view of the distal assembly, including an elbow section, according to one embodiment.

[0030] FIG. 5A is an end cross-sectional view of the distal assembly of FIG. 4, taken along line A-A.

[0031] FIG. 5B is an end cross-sectional view of the distal assembly of FIG. 4, taken along line B-B.

[0032] FIG. 6 is a side cross-sectional view of the distal assembly, including a generally circular section, according to one embodiment.

[0033] FIG. 7 is a side cross-sectional view of a shaft, including a second support member, according to one embodiment.

[0034] FIG. 8 is a side cross-sectional view of a shaft, including a hypotube, and of a distal assembly, according to another embodiment.

[0035] FIG. 9 is a side view of a hypotube, according to another embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0036] The following detailed description should be read with reference to the drawings, in which like elements in different drawings are identically numbered. The drawings, which are not necessarily to scale, depict selected embodiments and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. The detailed description illustrates by way of example, not by way of limitation, the principles of the invention. This description will clearly enable one skilled in the art to make and use the invention, and describes several embodiments, adaptations, variations, alternatives and uses of the invention, including what is presently believed to be the best mode of carrying out the invention.

[0037] As used herein, the terms about or approximately for any numerical values or ranges indicate a suitable dimensional tolerance that allows the part or collection of components to function for its intended purpose as described herein. More specifically, about or approximately may refer to the range of values 20% of the recited value, e.g. about 90% may refer to the range of values from 71% to 99%. In addition, as used herein, the terms patient, host, user, and subject refer to any human or animal subject and are not intended to limit the systems or methods to human use, although use of the subject invention in a human patient represents a preferred embodiment.

[0038] Referring to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, embodiments disclosed herein include a catheter 10 that is configured for use with a balloon catheter 100, including an elongated support shaft 12 and a 3-D distal or lasso assembly 15. The distal assembly 15 carries one or more single axis sensors (SASes) 13 configured to be responsive to external magnetic field generators (not shown) for generating signals representative of location of the distal assembly 15, as well as one or more ring electrodes 11 configured sensing electrical signals from tissue. The distal assembly 15 includes a preformed support member 16 with shape-memory, e.g., a nitinol wire, which provides the 3-D or loop configuration of the distal assembly 15. In that regard, it is understood that describing the distal assembly 15 the shape-memory elongated support member 16 includes portions that impart shape to corresponding sections of the distal assembly 15, including a curved portion 16C that corresponds with a curved section 15C of the distal assembly 15, and an elbow portion 16E proximal of the curved portion 16C that corresponds with an elbow section 15E of the distal assembly 15. In some embodiments, the curved (e.g., circular, helical or loop, all terms used interchangeably herein) portion 16C of the support member 16 is generally transverse to the shaft 12 that defines a longitudinal axis L of the catheter, and the curved portion 16C has a curved arc or length that spans at least 360 degrees, if not about 450 degrees with a distal overlapping tail portion 16T. Moreover, the curved portion 16C is configured relative to the shaft 12 such that the longitudinal axis L defined by the shaft 12 intersects the curved portion 16C and is offset from a center of a circle generally defined by curved portion 16C.

[0039] The elongated support shaft 12 of the catheter has a proximal section 12P of lesser flexibility and a distal section 12D of greater flexibility. The shaft 12 is configured to pass through a lumen of a balloon catheter 14 and aptly support the balloon 140 in an ostium 110 of a pulmonary vein 130, as shown in FIG. 3, with the distal lasso assembly 15 extending into the pulmonary vein for circumferential contact with tubular tissue of the pulmonary vein. Advantageously, the proximal section 12P of the shaft is configured with sufficient rigidity to transmit axial pushability and torque imparted by a user, for example, manipulating a connector handle 27 (FIG. 1) at a proximal end of the shaft 12 and a torquer 17 (FIG. 1) mounted on the proximal section 12P, while the distal section 12D of the shaft is configured with sufficient flexibility to accommodate an indirect approach angle between the distal lasso assembly 15 and the ostium 110 in which the supported balloon 140 sits.

[0040] In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, the shape-memory support member 16 of the distal assembly 15 has an elongated form with a sufficient length to extend through the entirety of the distal assembly 15 and the shaft 12 combined. As such, the elongated support member 16 includes the following: [0041] (i) a longer, generally linear proximal portion 16P, with a first diameter D1, that spans the length of the proximal section 12P of the shaft 12; [0042] (ii) a shorter, generally linear distal portion 16D, with a second diameter D2, that spans the length of the distal section 12D of the shaft 12; [0043] (iii) a distal curved portion 16C, with a third diameter D3, that spans the curved distal section 15C of the distal assembly 15; and [0044] (iv) a relatively short elbow portion 16E, with a gradual transitional diameter DT ranging from D2 to D3, that spans the elbow section 15E, extending between the generally linear distal portion 16D and the distal curved section 16C of the support member 16;
where diameter D1>diameter D2>diameter D3 such that the proximal portion 16P has the least flexibility, the distal portion 16D has more flexibility and the distal curved portion 16C has the greatest flexibility. In some embodiments, the diameter D1 is about 0.030 inch, the diameter D2 ranges from about 0.014 inch to 0.018 inch and the diameter D3 is about 0.011 inch. Between the proximal portion 16P and the distal portion 16D, the diameter of the wire 16 may have a step transition or a gradual transition between the diameters D1 and D2, as needed or appropriate. Between the distal portion 16D and the curved portion 16C, the elbow portion 16E is configured with a gradual transition between the diameters D2 and D3. In some embodiments, the gradual transition between diameters D2 and D3 occurs in a span of about 2 mm in the elbow portion 16E. The length of the proximal portion 16P of the support member 16 is not critical. However, in some embodiments, the length of the distal portion 16D is at least the longitudinal length of the balloon 140 so it can accommodate the balloon when it is supporting the balloon. In some embodiments, the length of the shaft 12 is about 2 meters, where the distal portion 12D (with the greater flexibility relative to the proximal portion 12P) has a length ranging between about 6 cm and 8 cm.

[0045] With reference to FIG. 2 and FIG. 4, the distal curved portion 16C of the shape-memory support member 16 carries one or more SASes. It is understood that each SAS 13 has a respective wire coil sensor 50 and a cable 20, where the wire coil sensor 50 is wrapped around a selected location on the distal curved portion 16C and the cable 20 includes a dedicated pair of wires 21, 21 that are encased along with shielding fibers 23 within an insulating sheath 22 generally coextensive with the wires 21, 21. For simplicity in the description provided herein, wires 21, 21 of all SASes 13 carried on the distal assembly 15 are illustrated herein as passing through one common insulating sheath 22 with shared shielding fibers 23 in forming a single cable 20 for all SASes 13.

[0046] In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 2, the distal assembly 15 carries three SASes, namely, proximal SAS 13A, middle SAS 13B and distal SAS 13C, including three wire coils 50A, 50B and 50C, referred to herein respectively as the proximal coil, the mid coil and the distal coil, that are arranged in equi-angular positions about the curved portion 16C, e.g., at about 0, 120 and 240 degrees. The wire coil 50 of each SAS is connected to a dedicated pair of wires 21 and 21, with the wire 21 connected to a distal end of the wire coil 50 and the wire 21 connected to a proximal end of the wire coil 50. Thus, in the illustrated embodiment, the distal coil 50C (best shown in FIG. 6) is connected to wire pair 21C and 21C, the mid coil 50B is connected to wire pair 21B and 21B and the proximal coil 50A is connected to wire pair 21A and 21A. To assemble the SASes 13A, 13B and 13C on the curved portion 16C of the preformed support member 16, a method making or assembling a preformed support member with SASes in some embodiments includes (i) wrapping the wire coil 50C on the preformed support member 16 at location 240 degrees to form SAS 13C, (ii) connecting the wire pair 21C and 21C to the distal and proximal ends, respectively, of the wire coil 50C, and (iii) wrapping the wire pair 21C and 21C around the curved portion 16C in a proximal direction. Different wrapping patterns may be employed to provide strain relief against wire breakage during use of the catheter.

[0047] The method of assembling also includes (iv) wrapping the wire pair 21C and 21C at location 120 degrees, (v) wrapping the wire coil 50B over the wrapped wire pair 21C and 21C to form SAS 13B, (vi) connecting the wire pair 21B and 21B to the distal and proximal ends, respectively, of the wire coil 50B, and (vi) wrapping the wire pairs 21C and 21C and 21B and 21B around the curved portion 16D in a proximal direction.

[0048] The method of assembling further includes (vii) wrapping the wire pairs 21C and 21C and 21B and 21B at location 0 degrees, (viii) wrapping the wire coil 50A over the wrapped wire pairs 21C and 21C and 21B and 21B to form SAS 13A, (ix) connecting the wire pair 21A and 21A to the distal and proximal ends, respectively, of the wire coil 50A, and (x) wrapping the wire pairs 21C and 21C, 21B and 21B, and 21A and 21A around the curved portion 16C in a proximal direction. It is understood that one or more heat shrink sleeves may be over the formed SASes and the wrapped wire pairs between adjacent SASes.

[0049] It is also understood that the sequence of the actions recited above or the direction of wrapping (e.g., distal to proximal or proximal to distal) may be varied, as desired or appropriate and that a heat shrink sleeve can be placed over each SAS, the wire coils or wrapped wire pair(s) beneath the wire coils, as desired or appropriate. In any case, the distal SAS 13C includes the wire coil 50C with its distal end connected to the wire 21C and its proximal end connected to the wire 21C, the mid SAS 13B includes the wire coil 50B with its distal end connected to the wire 21B and its proximal end connected to the wire 21B, where the wire coil 50B is coiled over the wires 21C and 21C, and the proximal SAS 13A includes the wire coil 50A with its distal end connected to the wire 21A and its proximal end connected to the wire 21A, where the wire coil 50A is coiled over the wires 21C and 21C and 21B and 21B.

[0050] At the elbow portion 16E, the cable 20 housing the wire pairs 21 (e.g., 21A, 21A, 21B, 21B, 21C and 21C) advantageously lies on an inside surface 52 (inward facing toward the curvature) of the elbow portion 16E in minimizing the outer diameter of the distal assembly 15 in that region, as better shown in FIG. 4, FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B. In that regard, the distal end of the insulating sheath 22 of the cable 20, and the shielding fibers 23 therein are cut or otherwise terminated proximal of the elbow portion 16E to expose the various wire pairs 21. Moreover, all of the wires 21 are spread or fanned out, laid against the inside surface 52, and affixed by an adhesive 37 (FIG. 5B) to minimize the circumferential size and profile of the distal assembly 15 at its elbow portion 15E. The distal end portions of the shield fibers 23 may be wrapped around the wires 21 and the preformed support member 16 (FIG. 4) to encircle them for a tighter profile around the preformed support member 16. A heat shrink sleeve 38 may extend over the cable 20 and the shielding fibers 23 proximal of the elbow portion 16E, and the exposed wires 21 and safety fibers 25 in the elbow portion 16E. Proximal and terminal ends of the heat shrink sleeve may be at any location along the support member 16, as needed or appropriate.

[0051] Accordingly, the method of assembling the preformed support member 16 with the SASes, includes (i) preparing the cable 20 for affixation to an elbow portion 16E; and (ii) affixing the prepared cable to the elbow portion, wherein the preparing the cable includes: (a) cutting or terminating a distal end of the outer insulating sheath 22 generally proximal of the elbow portion; (b) exposing the wires 21 in the cable; (c) spreading or fanning out the exposed wires 21, and wherein the affixing the prepared cable includes: (a) laying the fanned out exposed wires onto an inside surface 52 of the elbow portion; (b) applying adhesive to the fanned out exposed wires 21 on the inside surface of the elbow portion; and (c) covering the affixed exposed wires and at least a distal portion of the insulating sheath 22 with a heat shrink sleeve. The preparing the cable may also include cutting or terminating distal ends of the shielding fibers 23, and wrapping the distal ends around the exposed wires 21 and the preformed support member 16. The affixing the prepared cable may also include covering a plurality of safety strands 25 (e.g., VECTRAN strands) whose proximal ends are anchored to the shaft 12 and whose lengths are coextensive with the wires 21 under the heat shrink sleeve 38 to tether the distal assembly 15 to the shaft 12 as a safety measure against detachment of the distal assembly 15. Distal ends of the safety strands 25 may be anchored to a distal end of the preformed support member 16. A description of suitable SASes is provided in U.S. Pat. No. 8,792,962, the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

[0052] As previously mentioned, the distal assembly 15 not only carries one or more SASes 13, it also carries one or more ring electrodes 11. As shown in FIG. 6, the distal assembly 15 includes an outer braided tubing 40 that has the ring electrodes 11 and conductive lead wires 41. Although the tubing 40 has a lumen 39, the conductive wires 41 are embedded in the side wall 42 as part of an extrusion manufacturing process of the tubing 40, as understood by one or ordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments, the outer braided tubing 40 covers the entire length of the preformed support structure 16, including the proximal portion 16P, the distal portion 16D, the elbow portion 16E, and the curved portion 16C. Of the portion of the braided tubing 40 that covers the curved portion 16C, the ring electrodes 11 carried thereon are formed by selective removal, e.g., laser cutting, of the outer side wall 42 to form recesses 44 at predetermined locations so as to expose selected individual wires 41. Conductive epoxy 43, for example, platinum conductive epoxy or gold conductive epoxy, is then applied to fill the recesses 44 and also along the circumference at the recess around the exterior of the side wall 42 to form a respective ring electrode 11 at each of the predetermined locations. Thus, a method of constructing an outer tubing 40 with ring electrodes 11 and embedded lead wires 41 includes: (i) extruding a tubing 40 with wires 41 embedded in side wall 42, where the tubing has an exterior surface, and an interior surface defining a lumen; (ii) removing a portion of the side wall from the exterior surface to expose a wire 41 within a recess; (iii) applying conductive epoxy to fill the recess and a corresponding circumferential band around the recess to form a ring electrode 11. Extruding the tubing 40 with the wires 41 may be accomplished with conventional wire extrusion machines. Braided wires 41 embedded in the side wall 42 of the tubing 40 may extend distal of their respective ring electrodes without any adverse impact on the function of the ring electrodes.

[0053] After the outer tubing 40 has been constructed with the ring electrodes 11 and the embedded wires 41, the outer tubing 40 can be slipped on over the assembled distal assembly 15. In some embodiments, a method of assembling includes: (i) the above-described method of making or constructing the outer tubing 40 with the ring electrodes 11 and embedded wires 41; (ii) the above-described method of assembling the preformed support member 16 with the SASes 13; and (iii) mounting the constructed outer tubing 40 onto the preformed support member 16 with the SASes 13. Mounting may be accomplished by inserting the assembled preformed support member 16 into the lumen 39 of the constructed outer tubing 40. As such, the construction of the catheter 10 is simplified by compartmentalization into construction of the outer tubing 40 which provides the ring electrodes, and construction of the underlying SAS-carrying support member 16. Distal ends of the outer tubing 40 and the support structure 16 may be jointly plugged and sealed with a ball of sealant, e.g., polyurethane, to form an atraumatic bulbous distal end of the catheter 10.

[0054] At the proximal end of the outer tubing 40 terminating near or in the connector handle 27, proximal portions of the wires 41 may be exposed from the tubing 40 by selective removal of the side wall 42 for connection to suitable electrical terminals in the connector handle 27 in the transmission of sensed electrical signals to an electrophysiology workstation for processing, as known in the art. The cable 20 (including the wire pairs 21, 21 of each SAS carried on the distal assembly 15) extends through the lumen 39 of the outer tubing 40, coextensively with the distal and proximal portions 16D and 16P of the support member 16, in passing through the shaft 12 of the catheter and into the connector handle 27 in the transmission of location signals to the electrophysiology workstation for processing, as known in the art.

[0055] In alternate embodiments, a shorter support member 16 is without the proximal portion 16P and has a proximal end that terminates at a suitable location proximal of the distal portion 16D and the elbow portion 16E. As shown in FIG. 7, the shorter support member 16 has a proximal end 16PE at, for example, about 8.0 cm proximal of the elbow portion 16E and is connected via a lumened coupler 31 to a second support member 30, e.g., a metal or stainless steel wire, that extends proximally toward the connector handle 12, where the 8.0 cm is selected on the basis of the longitudinal length of the balloon 140 that is supported on the distal linear portion 12D of the shaft 12 when the distal assembly 15 is inside the tubular region 120 of the ostium 110 on which the distal surface of the balloon rests (FIG. 3). The outer tubing 40 with the ring electrodes 11 and embedded wires 41 extends over the support member 16 and the second support member 30, so as to cover the entirety of the distal assembly 15 and the shaft 12. The SAS cable 20 extends in the lumen 39 of the tubing 40 coextensively with the support member 16 in the distal shaft portion 12D and with the second support member 30 in the proximal shaft portion 12P, and may be outside of the coupler 31. To provide the different flexibilities in the shaft 12 and the distal assembly 15, the second support member 30 has the diameter D1, the distal portion 16D of the support member 16 has the diameter D2, and the curved portion 16C of the support member 16 has the diameter D3, where D1>D2>D3 such that the second support member 30 has the least flexibility, the distal portion 16D has greater flexibility, and the curved portion 16C has the most flexibility. Again, the elbow portion 16E provides a gradual transition of diameter from D2 to D3, but there may be a step transition between the diameters D1 of the second support member 30 and D2 of the distal portion 16D at the coupler 31.

[0056] In other alternate embodiments, as shown in FIG. 8, the shorter support member 16 (without the proximal portion 16P) has a proximal end that is received in a distal end of a lumened structure, e.g., a hypotube 16 with lumen 28, that extends proximally toward the connector handle 27. The shorter support member 16 extends through an outer covering 32, e.g., of PELLETHANE, whose lumen 36 receives the SAS-carrying curved portion 16C and the distal portion 16D, and whose proximal end 32P abuts with a distal end 18D of the hypotube 18. As understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, conductive bands 33 are mounted over the outer covering 32 to form the ring electrodes 11 on the distal assembly 15. Lead wires 48 connected to respective conductive bands 33 pass into the lumen 36 via through-holes 34 formed in side wall 35 of the outer covering 32. Inside the lumen 36, the lead wires 48, along with the cable 20 for the SASes in the distal assembly 15, extend proximally and pass through the lumen 28 of the hypotube 18 toward the connector handle 27. In some embodiments, the hypotube 18 has an outer diameter ranging from about 0.030 inch to 0.040 inch. As shown in FIG. 9, a distal portion of the hyptube 18 may be configured with one or more spiral cuts 45 to increase flexibility.

[0057] In use, the catheter 10 is fed into and through a lumen 120 of the balloon catheter 100, where the lumen 120 extends through a shaft 130 of the balloon catheter and the balloon 140 itself. To feed the distal assembly 15, it is straightened so that the curved portion 15C first enters the lumen 120 followed by the elbow 15E, and so forth. The distal assembly 15 is advanced relative to the balloon catheter until the distal assembly 15 passes the distal end of the balloon catheter, upon which the distal assembly 15 is free to assume the 3-D shape in the patient's left atrium pursuant to its underlying preformed shape-memory support member 16. The catheter 10 is then maneuvered so as to insert the distal assembly 15 into a pulmonary vein where the ring electrodes 11 are in contact with tissue along an inner circumference of tubular region of the pulmonary vein. Using the shaft 12 and particularly the distal section 12D as a guidewire, the balloon catheter 100 is then advanced toward the ostium of the pulmonary vein until a distal surface of the balloon comes into contact with the ostium. The shaft 12 of the catheter 10 has a less flexible proximal section 12P so as to function as a guidewire for the balloon catheter 100 and a more flexible distal section 12D so as to allow flexure where the approach angle of the distal assembly 15 is not in alignment with the center of the ostium, yet have sufficient rigidity to aptly support the balloon thereon. The one or more SASes 13 in the distal assembly 15 respond to external magnetic field generators typically located under the patient's bed to provide location signals, and the ring electrodes 11 carried on the distal assembly 15 sense electrical signals from the tissue of the pulmonary vein, including electrical signals to assess whether PV isolation has been achieved by ablation of tissue of or adjacent the ostium.

[0058] The preceding description has been presented with reference to presently preferred embodiments of the invention. Workers skilled in the art and technology to which this invention pertains will appreciate that alterations and changes in the described structure may be practiced without meaningfully departing from the principal, spirit and scope of this invention. Any feature or structure disclosed in one embodiment may be incorporated in lieu of or in addition to other features of any other embodiments, as needed or appropriate. It is understood that a feature of the present invention is applicable to multiplying linear motion of a puller wire, contraction wire, or any other object requiring insertion, removal, or tensioning within a medical device, including the disclosed electrophysiology catheter. As understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, the drawings are not necessarily to scale. Accordingly, the foregoing description should not be read as pertaining only to the precise structures described and illustrated in the accompanying drawings, but rather should be read consistent with and as support to the following claims which are to have their fullest and fair scope.