MULTI-LAYER ARTICLE FOR STORING A PRODUCT

Abstract

A multi-layer article for storing a product, such as a pharmaceutical product, includes a first layer that includes a polychlorotrifluoroethylene and/or copolymer of polychlorotrifluoroethylene and vinylidene fluoride. The article also includes a tie layer disposed on the first layer. The tie layer includes an ethylene acrylate resin. The article further includes a second layer that is disposed on the tie layer. The second layer includes a polyester, polycarbonate, polypropylene, polyethylene, or combinations thereof. The article further optionally includes two optional layers each independently including a polychlorotrifluoroethylene and/or copolymer of polychlorotrifluoroethylene and vinylidene fluoride, or an ethylene acrylate resin, or a polyester, polycarbonate, polypropylene, polyethylene, or combinations thereof. The article has a clarity of at least about 90% as determined using ASTM D1003-13.

Claims

1. A multi-layer article for storing a product, said article comprising: A. a first layer comprising a polychlorotrifluoroethylene and/or copolymer of polychlorotrifluoroethylene and vinylidene fluoride; B. a tie layer disposed on said first layer and comprising an ethylene acrylate resin; C. a second layer disposed on said tie layer and comprising a polyester, polycarbonate, polypropylene, polyethylene, or combinations thereof, and D. two optional layers each independently comprising a polychlorotrifluoroethylene and/or copolymer of polychlorotrifluoroethylene and vinylidene fluoride, or an ethylene acrylate resin, or a polyester, polycarbonate, polypropylene, polyethylene, or combinations thereof, and wherein said article has a clarity of at least about 90% as determined using ASTM D1003-13.

2. The article of claim 1 that is free of said two optional layers and is a three-layered structure wherein said tie layer is disposed in direct contact with said first layer and said second layer is disposed in direct contact with said tie layer.

3. The article of claim 2 wherein the first layer is an innermost layer disposed to contact the product and the second layer is an outermost layer.

4. The article of claim 2 wherein the second layer is an innermost layer disposed to contact the product and the first layer is an outermost layer.

5. The article of claim 1 that comprises said two optional layers and is a five-layered structure, wherein both a first optional layer and a second optional layer are disposed on said first layer, wherein the first optional layer comprises a polyester, polycarbonate, polypropylene, polyethylene, or combinations thereof and sandwiches the second optional layer between the first optional layer and the first layer, and wherein the second optional layer comprises an ethylene acrylate resin.

6. The article of claim 1 wherein said first layer is polychlorotrifluoroethylene.

7. The article of claim 6 wherein said polychlorotrifluoroethylene is non-neutralized.

8. The article of claim 6 wherein said polychlorotrifluoroethylene is neutralized.

9. The article of claim 1 wherein said first layer comprises the copolymer of polychlorotrifluoroethylene and up to 5 wt % of vinylidene fluoride.

10. The article of claim 1 wherein the ethylene acrylate resin is an ester modified ethylene acrylate resin.

11. The article of claim 1 wherein said second layer is a polyester.

12. The article of claim 11 wherein said polyester is polyethylene terephthalate.

13. The article of claim 1 wherein said first layer has a thickness of from about 0.5 to about 6 mils, said tie layer has a thickness of from about 0.5 to about 3 mils, and said second layer has a thickness of from about 5 to about 25 mils.

14. The article of claim 1 wherein said two optional layers each independently have a thickness of from about 0.5 to about 25 mils.

15. The article of claim 1 wherein said polyester of said second layer has an intrinsic viscosity of from about 1 to about 1.2 as determined using DAK-QAR-SOP-0012.

16. A method of forming the article of claim 1 comprising the step of blow-molding and/or injection molding one or more of the first layer, the tie layer, and/or the second layer.

17. A three-layer article for storing an animal health pharmaceutical, said article consisting of: A. an innermost layer that is disposed to contact the animal health pharmaceutical and that is a polychlorotrifluoroethylene; B. a tie layer disposed on and in direct contact with said first layer and that is an ester modified ethylene acrylate resin; and C. an outermost layer disposed on and in direct contact with said tie layer and that is polyethylene terephthalate, wherein said innermost layer has a thickness of from about 0.5 to about 6 mils, said tie layer has a thickness of from about 0.5 to about 3 mils, and said outermost layer has a thickness of from about 5 to about 25 mils, and wherein said article has a clarity of at least about 90% as determined using ASTM D1003-13.

18. The article of claim 17 that is further defined as a bottle.

19. A method of gamma sterilizing a multi-layer article, said method comprising the steps of: A. providing the multi-layer article comprising a first layer comprising a polychlorotrifluoroethylene and/or copolymer of polychlorotrifluoroethylene and vinylidene fluoride, a tie layer disposed on said first layer and comprising an ethylene acrylate resin, a second layer disposed on said tie layer and comprising a polyester, polycarbonate, polypropylene, polyethylene, or combinations thereof, and two optional layers each independently comprising a polychlorotrifluoroethylene and/or copolymer of polychlorotrifluoroethylene and vinylidene fluoride, or an ethylene acrylate resin, or a polyester, polycarbonate, polypropylene, polyethylene, or combinations thereof, wherein the multi-layer article has a clarity of at least about 90% as determined using ASTM D1003-13; and B. gamma sterilizing the multi-layer article.

20. The method of claim 19 wherein the multi-layer article is for storing an animal health pharmaceutical, the first layer is a polychlorotrifluoroethylene, the tie layer is an ester modified ethylene acrylate resin, and the second layer is polyethylene terephthalate, wherein the first layer has a thickness of from about 0.5 to about 6 mils, the tie layer has a thickness of from about 0.5 to about 3 mils, and the second layer has a thickness of from about 5 to about 25 mils.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0013] The present disclosure will hereinafter be described in conjunction with the following drawing figures, wherein like numerals denote like elements, and

[0014] FIG. 1 is a plan-view of one embodiment of the multi-layer article of this disclosure;

[0015] FIG. 2 is a plan-view of another embodiment of the multi-layer article of this disclosure; and

[0016] FIG. 3 is a plan-view of another embodiment of the multi-layer article of this disclosure, wherein the article is a bottle.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0017] The following detailed description is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the multi-layer article. Furthermore, there is no intention to be bound by any theory presented in the preceding background or the following detailed description.

[0018] Embodiments of the present disclosure are generally directed to three layer articles and methods for fabricating the same. For the sake of brevity, conventional techniques related to formation of polymers and general multi-layer articles may not be described in detail herein. Moreover, the various tasks and process steps described herein may be incorporated into a more comprehensive procedure or process having additional steps or functionality not described in detail herein. In particular, various steps in the manufacture of polymers and general multi-layer articles are well-known and so, in the interest of brevity, many conventional steps will only be mentioned briefly herein or will be omitted entirely without providing the well-known process details.

Article

[0019] This disclosure provides a multi-layer article (10), as is shown in FIGS. 1-3. The article (10) may be further defined as a film, container, box, carton, bag, envelope, drum, can, bottle, or the like. The article (10) may be further defined as having a shape known in the art as packer, jar, oblong, round, oval, cylinder, sprayer, bear, canister, tottle, etc.

[0020] The dimensions of the article (10) are not particularly limited and may be chosen by one of skill in the art. In various embodiments, the volume of the article (10) is from about 0.5 oz to about 4 oz (about 15 ml to about 125 ml), about 4 oz to about 8 oz (about 120 ml to about 250 ml), about 8 oz to about 12 oz (about 250 ml to about 355 ml), about 12 oz to about 16 oz (about 350 ml to about 500 ml), about 16 oz to about 20 oz (about 490 ml to about 600 ml), about 20 oz to about 24 oz (about 600 ml to about 710 ml), about 24 oz to about 32 oz (about 700 ml to about 1000 ml), about 32 oz to about 64 oz (about 950 ml to about 2000 ml), about 64 oz to about 100 oz (about 1950 ml to about 3000 ml), about 100 oz to about 136 oz (about 2900 ml to about 4000 ml), or greater than about 4000 ml. In various non-limiting embodiments, all values and ranges of values including and between those set forth above are hereby expressly contemplated for use herein.

[0021] In one embodiment, the article (10) is further defined as a bottle, as shown in FIG. 3. For example, the article (10) may have a wide mouth large enough for pills and tablets and have a mouth size of from about 28 mm to about 120 mm. Narrow neck articles have neck diameters from about 15 mm to about 28 mm and are typically used for liquids. In various non-limiting embodiments, all values and ranges of values including and between those set forth above are hereby expressly contemplated for use herein.

[0022] The article (10) is designed to store a product (26). The product (26) may be a liquid, solid, or gas. In various embodiments, the product (26) is a liquid, such as a liquid pharmaceutical, such as an animal health pharmaceutical. Alternatively, the product (26) may be a solvent, e.g. a polar or non-polar solvent. The product (26) may be water.

[0023] Alternatively, the product (26) may be a solid, such as a pharmaceutical tablet, caplet, etc. In still further embodiments, the product (26) may be a medical device, such as an implant, re-constructive prosthesis, subcutaneous drug delivery device such as a medical implantable pill, a drug-eluting stent, and the like. In yet other embodiments, the product (26) is further defined as a trauma device, surgical tool, plate, surgical fixation device, surgical accessory, or the like. The surgical fixation device may include, but is not limited to, screws, pins, and fasteners. In still another embodiment, the product (26) is an animal health pharmaceutical, e.g. a liquid pharmaceutical. In further embodiments, the product (26) is caplets or capsules, liquids or lotions, powders or granules, condiments or sauces, beverages, or the like.

[0024] The article (10) is multi-layered. For example, the article (10) typically includes a total of three or five layers, as described below. In one embodiment, the article (10) consists of three layers (12, 14, 16), e.g. as shown in FIGS. 1 and 3. In another embodiments, the article (10) consists of five layers (12, 14, 16, 18, 20), e.g. as shown in FIG. 2. It is also contemplated that the article (10) may consist of four layers (not shown in the Figures).

[0025] The article is typically a container that is defined by walls. As shown in FIG. 3, the layers (12, 14, 16), and optionally layers (18, 20), can form a base (22), side walls (24), and/or end walls (not shown). The layers (12, 14, 16), and optionally layers (18, 20), typically define a cavity (C). The cavity (C) is typically entirely enclosed (i.e., defined on all sides) by the layers (12, 14, 16). The layers (12, 14, 16), and optionally layers (18, 20), may also form a top (30) to entirely enclose the cavity (C). Alternatively, the top (30) may be formed from a different material altogether. The cavity (C) may be defined as any shape including, but not limited to, cylindrical shapes, spherical shapes, conical shapes, rectangular shapes, cubic shapes, and the like. In one embodiment, the cavity (C) is defined as a shape that is the same as, substantially similar to, or complementary to, the shape of the product (26). In another embodiment, the cavity (C) is defined as a pocket. Typically the cavity (C) receives the product (26).

First Layer

[0026] The article (10) includes the first layer (16). The first layer (16) may be described as an innermost layer, an outermost layer, or an interior or exterior layer, of the article (10). In one embodiment, the first layer (16) is an innermost layer that is disposed to contact the product (26). The terminology innermost describes that this first layer (16) faces the product (26) that is held by the article (10). For example, in such an embodiment, there is no layer disposed on top of the first layer (16) to contact the product (26) that is held by the article (10). The first layer (16) may be alternatively described as the inside-most, inside, or inner, layer. The first layer (16) be alternatively described as an interior layer or layer which contacts the product (26) or which is designed to contact the product (26). In one embodiment, the first layer (16) is exposed to an interior environment of the article (10), e.g. the cavity (C) shown in FIG. 3. The first layer (16) as innermost layer may be disposed opposite the second layer (12) as outermost layer.

[0027] Alternatively, the first layer (16) may be an outermost layer such that it is disposed opposite the product (26). The terminology outermost describes that this first layer (16) faces the environment and is disposed opposite the second layer (12), which itself could then be an innermost layer. For example, in such an embodiment, there is no layer disposed on top of the second layer (12) to face the environment. The first and/or second layers (16, 12) may be alternatively described as the outside-most, outside, or outer, layer, e.g. a layer that is handled and touched by the consumer. The second layer (12) be alternatively described as an exterior layer or layer which is exposed to the environment.

[0028] The first layer (16) includes a polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) and/or copolymer of polychlorotrifluoroethylene and vinylidene fluoride. The PCTFE may be neutralized or non-neutralized. For example, the neutralized form of the PCTFE may be as described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,862,811, which is expressly incorporated herein by reference in various non-limiting embodiments. In one embodiment, the first layer (16) is neutralized PCTFE. In another embodiment, the first layer (16) is non-neutralized PCTFE. In still another embodiment, the first layer (16) is a mixture of neutralized and non-neutralized PCTFE. In still other embodiments, the first layer (16) may include the copolymer of the PCTFE and vinylidene fluoride (VF). Typically, the copolymer may include up to about 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0.5, or 0.1, weight percent of the VF. Moreover, the copolymer may include any value or range of values of weight percents of the VF including and between those values described above, e.g. 1-5 wt % of the VF in the copolymer. The first layer (16) is typically about 50 to about 100, about 55 to about 95, about 60 to about 90, about 65 to about 85, about 70 to about 80, about 75 to about 80, or about 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or even higher, weight percent of the polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) (neutralized and/or non-neutralized) and/or copolymer of polychlorotrifluoroethylene and vinylidene fluoride. In various non-limiting embodiments, all values and ranges of values including and between those set forth above are hereby expressly contemplated for use herein.

[0029] The first layer (16) may be, include, consist essentially of, or consist of, the polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) (neutralized and/or non-neutralized) and/or copolymer of polychlorotrifluoroethylene and vinylidene fluoride. The terminology consists essentially of describes an embodiment wherein the first layer (16) is free of other polymers not described above or includes less than 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0.5, or 0.1, weight percent of those other polymers. The first layer (16) may be free of the copolymer and/or one of the two types of PCTFE. In various non-limiting embodiments, all values and ranges of values including and between those set forth above are hereby expressly contemplated for use herein.

Tie Layer

[0030] The article (10) also includes the tie layer (14) disposed on the first layer (16). The tie layer (14) may be disposed on and in direct contact with the first layer (16), e.g. as shown in FIG. 1. In other words, in such an embodiment, there is no other layer disposed between the tie layer (14) and the first layer (16). In this embodiment, the tie layer (14) touches the first layer (16). Alternatively, the tie layer (14) may be disposed on and spaced apart from the first layer (16), e.g. with one or more layers disposed in-between such that the tie layer (14) does not directly touch the first layer (16).

[0031] The tie layer (14) includes or is an ethylene acrylate resin. The ethylene acrylate resin may be alternatively described as a modified ethylene acrylate resin, which may be any known in the art. For example, the modified ethylene acrylate resin may be modified with esters, anhydrides, alkanes, alkenes, ketones, aldehydes, amines, etc. In one embodiment, the tie layer is an ester modified ethylene acrylate resin. A suitable non-limiting example is BYNEL Series 2200 resins which are ester modified ethylene acrylate resins. They contain a temperature stable ester which makes them functional in high temperature coextrusions.

[0032] The tie layer (14) is typically about 50 to about 100, about 55 to about 95, about 60 to about 90, about 65 to about 85, about 70 to about 80, about 75 to about 80, or about 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or even higher, weight percent of the (modified) ethylene acrylate. The tie layer (14) may be, include, consist essentially of, or consist of, the (modified) ethylene acrylate. The terminology consists essentially of describes an embodiment wherein the tie layer (14) is free of other polymers not described above or includes less than 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0.5, or 0.1, weight percent of those other polymers. In various non-limiting embodiments, all values and ranges of values including and between those set forth above are hereby expressly contemplated for use herein.

Second Layer

[0033] The article (10) further includes the second layer (12). The second layer (12) may be an innermost or outermost layer, e.g. as described above. For example, if the second layer (12) is an outermost layer, the terminology outermost describes that this second layer (12) faces the environment and is disposed opposite the first layer (16). In such an embodiment, there is no layer disposed on top of the second layer (12) to face the environment. The second layer (12) may be alternatively described as the outside-most, outside, or outer, layer, e.g. a layer that is handled and touched by the consumer. The second layer (12) be alternatively described as an exterior layer or layer which is exposed to the environment.

[0034] The second layer (12) is disposed on the tie layer (14). In one embodiment, the second layer (12) is disposed on and in direct contact with the tie layer (14), e.g. as shown in FIG. 1. In other words, in such an embodiment, there is no other layer disposed between the tie layer (14) and the second layer (12). In this embodiment, the tie layer (14) touches the second layer (12). For example, the second layer (12) and the first layer (16) sandwich the tie layer (14) therebetween thereby forming a multi-layer article (10), e.g. as shown in FIGS. 1 and 3. Alternatively, the second layer (12) may be disposed on and spaced apart from the tie layer (14), e.g. with one or more layers disposed in-between such that the tie layer (14) does not directly touch the second layer (12).

[0035] The second layer (12) includes a polyester, polycarbonate, polypropylene, polyethylene, or combinations thereof. The polyester is not particularly limited and may be any known in the art. In various embodiments, the polyester is chosen from polyglycolide or polyglycolic acid (PGA), polylactic acid (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), polyethylene adipate (PEA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the polyester is PET. In another embodiment, the second layer (12) is the polycarbonate. In a further embodiment, the second layer (12) is polypropylene. In yet another embodiments, the second layer (12) is polyethylene, e.g. Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE); Ultra-low-molecular-weight polyethylene (ULMWPE or PE-WAX); High-molecular-weight polyethylene (HMWPE); High-density polyethylene (HDPE); High-density cross-linked polyethylene (HDXLPE); Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX or XLPE); Medium-density polyethylene (MDPE); Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE); Low-density polyethylene (LDPE); Very-low-density polyethylene (VLDPE); or Chlorinated polyethylene (CPE); and/or combinations thereof.

[0036] The polyester for the second layer (12) may be chosen based on intrinsic viscosity. The polyester may have an intrinsic of from about 1 to about 1.05, about 1 to about 1.1, about 1 to about 1.15, about 1 to about 1.2, about 1.05 to about 1.2, about 1.05 to about 1.15, about 1.05 to about 1.1, about 1.1 to about 1.2, about 1.1 to about 1.15, about 1.15 to about 1.2, etc., as determined using DAK-QAR-SOP-0012. In various embodiments, these values can vary by 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, or 0.1. In various non-limiting embodiments, all values and ranges of values including and between those set forth above are hereby expressly contemplated for use herein.

[0037] The second layer (12) is typically about 50 to about 100, about 55 to about 95, about 60 to about 90, about 65 to about 85, about 70 to about 80, about 75 to about 80, or about 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or even higher, weight percent of the polyester, polycarbonate, polypropylene, polyethylene, or combinations thereof. The second layer (12) may be, include, consist essentially of, or consist of, the polyester, polycarbonate, polypropylene, polyethylene, or combinations thereof. The terminology consists essentially of describes an embodiment wherein the second layer (12) is free of other polymers not described above or includes less than 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0.5, or 0.1, weight percent of those other polymers. In various non-limiting embodiments, all values and ranges of values including and between those set forth above are hereby expressly contemplated for use herein.

Optional Layers

[0038] The article (10) also optionally includes two optional layers (18, 20) each independently including a polychlorotrifluoroethylene and/or copolymer of polychlorotrifluoroethylene and vinylidene fluoride, or an ethylene acrylate resin, or a polyester, polycarbonate, polypropylene, polyethylene, or combinations thereof. For example, one or both of the optional layers may or may not be included in the article (10). One or both of the optional layers may be the same as, or similar to, any one or more of the aforementioned layers (12, 14, 16). Alternatively, they may be different from any one or more of the aforementioned layers (12, 14, 16). In various embodiments, both a first optional layer (18) and a second optional layer (20) are disposed on the first layer (16), e.g. as shown in FIG. 2.

[0039] Although each of the aforementioned layers (12, 14, 16, 18, 20) can have a different thickness, first layer typically has a thickness of from about 0.5 to about 6 mils, while the tie layer typically has a thickness of from about 0.5 to about 3 mils, and the second layer typically has a thickness of from about 5 to about 25 mils. The first and second optional layers (18, 20), if included, can have the same or different thickness as any one of the layers (12, 14, 16). For example, the first and second optional layers (18,20) may have the same or different thicknesses than each other, e.g. from about 0.5 to about 25 mils. In various embodiments, any one or more of the aforementioned layers (12, 14, 16, 18, 20) can have a thickness of from about 0.5 to about 5.5, about 1 to about 5, about 1.5 to about 4.5, about 2 to about 4, about 2.5 to about 3.5, about 2.5 to about 4, about 1 to about 2.5, about 1.5 to about 2, about 5 to about 20, about 10 to about 15, about 15 to about 20, or about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25, mils. In various non-limiting embodiments, all values and ranges of values including and between those set forth above are hereby expressly contemplated for use herein.

[0040] In addition to the above, the PCTFE of the article (10) has a USP Class VI designation. As is known in the art, the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) is a non-government organization that endorses public health by establishing standards to safeguard the quality of medicines and other health care technologies. The USP Standards are published in the US Pharmacopeia and the National Formulary (USP NF). USP Class VI products go through a series of biological tests. The USP Class VI compounds must be made from ingredients with clear histories of biocompatibility that meet tight requirements for leachates. These tests include an Acute Systemic Toxicity Test, an Intracutaneous Test, an Implantation Test, a Standard Temperatures and Times test, etc. There are three in vivo tests included in this classification including the Systemic Injection Test and the Intracutaneous Test. A plastic resin material that has passed Class VI certification is expected to be more likely to produce favorable biocompatibility results. For a product to pass USP Class VI standards, it must exhibit a very low level of toxicity by passing all of the test requirements. Compliance to USP Class VI is often requested by end users. Testing for compliance involves an assessment of the effects of the material, and extractables, on tissue.

[0041] In addition, the article (10) has a clarity of at least about 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or about 100, percent, as determined using ASTM D1003-13. In other embodiments, the article (10) has a transmission of at least about 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or about 100, percent, as determined using ASTM D1003-13. In still other embodiments, the article (10) has a haze of less than 2, 1.9, 1.8, 1.7, 1.6, 1.5, 1.4, 1.3, 1.2, 1.1, 1, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, or 0.1, percent, as determined using ASTM D1003-13. In various non-limiting embodiments, all values and ranges of values including and between those set forth above are hereby expressly contemplated for use herein.

[0042] The moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR) of the article (10) may be determined via the procedure set forth in ASTM F1249. In one embodiment, the article (10) has a typical MVTR of from about 1.0 or less g/100 in.sup.2/day (15.5 g/m.sup.2/day) of the overall structure at 37.8 C. and 100% relative humidity (RH), more typically from 0.0005 to about 0.7 g/100 in.sup.2/day (0.0077 to about 10.7 g/m.sup.2/day) of the overall structure, and most typically from 0.001 to about 0.06 g/100 in.sup.2/day (0.015 to about 0.93 g/m.sup.2/day) of the overall structure, as determined by water vapor transmission rate measuring equipment available from, for example, Mocon. In various non-limiting embodiments, all values and ranges of values including and between those set forth above are hereby expressly contemplated for use herein.

[0043] The oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of the article (10) may be determined via the procedure of ASTM D-3985 using an OX-TRAN 2/20 instrument manufactured by Mocon, operated at 25 C., 0% RH. In one embodiment, the article (10) has an OTR of from about 50 or less cc/100 in.sup.2/day (775 g/m.sup.2/day), more typically from about 0.001 to about 20 cc/100 in.sup.2/day (0.015 to about 310 g/m.sup.2/day), and most typically from about 0.001 to about 10 cc/100 in.sup.2/day (0.015 to about 150 cc/m.sup.2/day). In various non-limiting embodiments, all values and ranges of values including and between those set forth above are hereby expressly contemplated for use herein.

[0044] Each of the aforementioned layers (12, 14, 16, 18, 20) may include, or be free of, one or more conventional additives whose uses are well known to those skilled in the art. The use of such additives may be desirable in enhancing the processing of the layers (12, 14, 16, 18, 20). Examples of such include oxidative and thermal stabilizers, lubricants, release agents, flame-retarding agents, oxidation inhibitors, oxidation scavengers, dyes, pigments and other coloring agents, ultraviolet light absorbers and stabilizers, organic or inorganic fillers including particulate and fibrous fillers, reinforcing agents, nucleators, plasticizers, as well as other conventional additives known to the art. Such may be used in amounts, for example, of up to about 30% by weight of the overall layer composition. Representative ultraviolet light stabilizers include various substituted resorcinols, salicylates, benzotriazoles, benzophenones, and the like. Suitable lubricants and release agents include wax, stearic acid, stearyl alcohol, and stearamides. Exemplary flame-retardants include organic halogenated compounds, including decabromodiphenyl ether and the like as well as inorganic compounds. Suitable coloring agents including dyes and pigments include cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, titanium dioxide, phthalocyanines, ultramarine blue, nigrosine, carbon black and the like. Representative oxidative and thermal stabilizers include the Period Table of Element's Group I metal halides, such as sodium halides, potassium halides, lithium halides; as well as cuprous halides; and further, chlorides, bromides, iodides. Also acceptable are hindered phenols, hydroquinones, aromatic amines as well as substituted members of those above mentioned groups and combinations thereof. Exemplary plasticizers include lactams such as caprolactam and lauryl lactam, sulfonamides such as o,p-toluenesulfonamide and N-ethyl, N-butyl benylenesulfonamide, and combinations of any of the above, as well as other plasticizers known to the art.

Additional Embodiments

[0045] In one embodiment, the article (10) is free of the two optional layers and is a three-layered structure wherein the tie layer is disposed in direct contact with the first layer and the second layer is disposed in direct contact with the tie layer. In another embodiment, the first layer (16) is an innermost layer disposed to contact the product (26) and the second layer (12) is an outermost layer. In a further embodiment, the second layer (12) is an innermost layer disposed to contact the product (26) and the first layer (16) is an outermost layer.

[0046] Alternatively, the article (10) includes the two optional layers (18, 20) and is a five-layered structure wherein both the first optional layer (18) and a second optional layer (20) are disposed on the first layer (16), wherein the first optional layer (16) includes a polyester, polycarbonate, polypropylene, polyethylene, or combinations thereof and sandwiches the second optional layer (20) between the first optional layer (18) and the first layer (16), and wherein the second optional layer (20) comprises an ethylene acrylate resin.

[0047] In various related embodiments, the first layer (16) is polychlorotrifluoroethylene. The polychlorotrifluoroethylene may be neutralized or non-neutralized. Alternatively, the first layer (16) can include or be the copolymer of polychlorotrifluoroethylene and up to 5 wt % of vinylidene fluoride. In still other related embodiments, the ethylene acrylate resin is an ester modified ethylene acrylate resin. Moreover, the second layer (12) may be a polyester such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Moreover, in still other related embodiments, the first layer (16) has a thickness of from about 0.5 to about 6 mils, the tie layer (14) has a thickness of from about 0.5 to about 3 mils, and the second layer (12) has a thickness of from about 5 to about 25 mils. Similarly, the two optional layers (18,20) can each independently have a thickness of from about 0.5 to about 25 mils. In various non-limiting embodiments, all values and ranges of values including and between those set forth above are hereby expressly contemplated for use herein.

[0048] In one embodiment, the article (10) is a three-layer article for storing an animal health pharmaceutical. In one embodiment, the article (10) consists of an innermost layer (16) that is disposed to contact the animal health pharmaceutical (26) and that is a polychlorotrifluoroethylene; a tie layer (14) disposed on and in direct contact with the first layer (16) and that is an ester modified ethylene acrylate resin; and an outermost layer (12) disposed on and in direct contact with said tie layer (14) and that is polyethylene terephthalate. In this embodiment, said innermost layer (16) has a thickness of from about 0.5 to about 6 mils, said tie layer (14) has a thickness of from about 0.5 to about 3 mils, and said outermost layer (12) has a thickness of from about 5 to about 25 mils. Moreover, in this embodiment, the article (10) has a clarity of at least about 90% as determined using ASTM D1003-13. For example, this article (10) can be further defined as a bottle, e.g. as shown in FIG. 3. In various non-limiting embodiments, all values and ranges of values including and between those set forth above are hereby expressly contemplated for use herein.

[0049] In still other embodiments, the article (10) has a three-layer structure as follows:

[0050] Innermost layer of PCTFE/tie layer/outermost layer of PC, PET, HDPE, PP; or

[0051] Outermost layer of PCTFE/tie layer/innermost layer of PC, PET, HDPE, PP.

[0052] In other embodiments, the article (10) has a five-layer structure as follows:

[0053] Innermost layer of PC, PET, HDPE, PP/tie layer/PCTFE/tie layer/outermost layer of PC, PET, HDPE, PP; or

[0054] Outermost layer of PC, PET, HDPE, PP/tie layer/PCTFE/tie layer/innermost layer of PC, PET, HDPE, PP.

[0055] In even further embodiments, the article (10) may have the following layer distribution wherein all values are in weight percent based on the weight of the article (10) as a whole:

[0056] Three-Layer Structure Having PCTFE as an Innermost Layer: [0057] Innermost layer of PCTFE: about 5 to about 35, about 10 to about 30, about 15 to about 25, or about 15 to about 20, weight percent based on a total weight of the article (10); [0058] Tie layer: about 5 to about 15, about 10 to about 15 or about 5 to about 10, weight percent based on a total weight of the article (10); [0059] Outermost layer: about 45 to about 75, about 50 to about 70, about 55 to about 65, or about 55 to about 60, weight percent based on a total weight of the article (10).

[0060] Three-Layer Structure Having PCTFE as an Outermost Layer: [0061] Innermost layer of PC, PET, HDPE, PP: about 45 to about 75, about 50 to about 70, about 55 to about 65, or about 55 to about 60, weight percent based on a total weight of the article (10); [0062] Tie layer: about 5 to about 15, about 10 to about 15 or about 5 to about 10, weight percent based on a total weight of the article (10); [0063] Outermost layer of PCTFE: about 5 to about 35, about 10 to about 30, about 15 to about 25, or about 15 to about 20, weight percent based on a total weight of the article (10).

[0064] Five-Layer Structure: [0065] Innermost layer of PC, PET, HDPE, PP: about 25 to about 75, about 30 to about 70, about 35 to about 65, about 40 to about 60, about 45 to about 55, or about 45 to about 50, weight percent based on a total weight of the article (10); [0066] Tie layer: about 5 to about 15, about 10 to about 15 or about 5 to about 10, weight percent based on a total weight of the article (10); [0067] PCTFE layer: about 5 to about 35, about 10 to about 30, about 15 to about 25, or about 15 to about 20, weight percent based on a total weight of the article (10); [0068] Tie layer: about 5 to about 15, about 10 to about 15 or about 5 to about 10, weight percent based on a total weight of the article (10); and [0069] Outermost layer of PC, PET, HDPE, PP: about 25 to about 75, about 30 to about 70, about 35 to about 65, about 40 to about 60, about 45 to about 55, or about 45 to about 50, weight percent based on a total weight of the article (10).

[0070] In various non-limiting embodiments, all values and ranges of values including and between those set forth above are hereby expressly contemplated for use herein.

Methods of Forming the Article

[0071] The article (10) may be produced by conventional methods known in the art, including well known injection molding, co-injection blow molding, co-injection stretch-blow molding or co-extrusion blow molding techniques. For example, the article (10) may be formed using a method of supplying the components/polymer for one or more of the layers and then forming the article (10) around a suitable mold and heating in a method well known in the art.

[0072] The most typical method for producing the article (10) is co-extrusion blow molding. Co-extrusion blow molding is a process in which individual extruders feed the individual components into a co-extrusion head, where a multi-layer parison is formed and extruded. The parison, still in its melt form, is then sandwiched between two mold halves. Once the mold halves have fully closed on the parison, air is introduced into the center of the parison which in turn expands the parison into the configuration of the mold cavity. The material then solidifies due to lower temperatures introduced from the surface of the chilled mold halves. The mold halves are then opened up and the newly formed container is ejected from the mold.

[0073] Alternately, the article (10) may be formed by first combining the individual layers described herein to form a multilayered film, followed by subsequently shaping the multilayered film into a desired shaped article (10). In this embodiment, multilayered films may be produced by conventional methods useful in producing multilayer films, including coextrusion and lamination techniques. In a conventional coextrusion process, the polymeric material for the individual layers are fed into infeed hoppers of a like number of extruders, each extruder handling the material for one or more of the layers. The melted and plasticized streams from the individual extruders are directly fed to a multi-manifold die and then juxtaposed and combined into a layered structure or combined into a layered structure in a combining block and then fed into a single manifold or multi-manifold co-extrusion die. The layers emerge from the die as a single multiple layer film of polymeric material. After exiting the die, the film is cast onto a first controlled temperature casting roll, passes around the first roll, and then onto a second controlled temperature roll. The controlled temperature rolls largely control the rate of cooling of the film after it exits the die. Additional rolls may be employed. In another method, the film forming apparatus may be one which is referred to in the art as a blown film apparatus and includes a multi-manifold circular die head for bubble blown film through which the plasticized film composition is forced and formed into a film bubble which may ultimately be collapsed and formed into a film. One advantage of coextruded films is the formation of a multilayer film in a one process step by combining molten layers of each of the film layers, as well as any other optional film layers, into a unitary film structure.

[0074] Alternately, individual layers may first be formed as separate layers and then laminated together under heat and pressure with or without intermediate adhesive layers. Lamination techniques are well known in the art. Typically, laminating is done by positioning the individual layers on one another under conditions of sufficient heat and pressure to cause the layers to combine into a unitary film. Typically the layers are positioned on one another, and the combination is passed through the nip of a pair of heated laminating rollers by techniques well known in the art. Lamination heating may be done at temperatures ranging from about 120 C. to about 175 C., typically from about 150 C. to about 175 C., at pressures of from about 5 psig (0.034 MPa) to about 100 psig (0.69 MPa), for from about 5 seconds to about 5 minutes, typically from about 30 seconds to about 1 minute. In various non-limiting embodiments, all values and ranges of values including and between those set forth above are hereby expressly contemplated for use herein.

[0075] In one embodiment, the article (10) is formed by co-extrusion blow molding. For example, a film may be uniaxially or biaxially oriented prior to molding. The layers may be drawn to a draw ratio of from 1.5:1 to 5:1 uniaxially in at least one direction, i.e. its longitudinal direction, its transverse direction or biaxially in each of its longitudinal and transverse directions. The term draw ratio is an indication of the increase in the dimension in the direction of draw. For example, the article (10) may be uniaxially oriented from about 1.3 to about 10 times in either its longitudinal or transverse directions, or the multilayered structure may be biaxially oriented from about 1.5 to about 5 times each of its longitudinal and transverse directions. The article (10) may also be drawn to a lesser or greater degree in either or both of said longitudinal and transverse directions. The layers may be simultaneously biaxially oriented, for example orienting a film in both the machine and transverse directions at the same. This results in dramatic improvements in clarity, strength and toughness properties, as well as an improved moisture vapor transmission rate. In various non-limiting embodiments, all values and ranges of values including and between those set forth above are hereby expressly contemplated for use herein.

A Method of Gamma Sterilizing the Article

[0076] This disclosure also provides a method of gamma sterilizing the article (10). The method includes the step of providing the article (10), which may be any described above, and gamma sterilizing the article (10). The step of gamma sterilizing may be utilized using any conditions chosen by one of skill in the art.

[0077] While at least one exemplary embodiment has been presented in the foregoing detailed description, it should be appreciated that a vast number of variations exist. It should also be appreciated that the exemplary embodiment or exemplary embodiments are only examples, and are not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration in any way. Rather, the foregoing detailed description will provide those skilled in the art with a convenient road map for implementing an exemplary embodiment. It being understood that various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements described in an exemplary embodiment without departing from the scope as set forth in the appended claims.