METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR NEUROENHANCEMENT TO FACILITATE LEARNING AND PERFORMANCE

Abstract

A method of facilitating a skill learning process or improving performance of a task, comprising: determining a brainwave pattern reflecting neuronal activity of a skilled subject while engaged in a respective skill or task; processing the determined brainwave pattern with at least one automated processor; and subjecting a subject training in the respective skill or task to brain entrainment by a stimulus selected from the group consisting of one or more of a sensory excitation, a peripheral excitation, a transcranial excitation, and a deep brain stimulation, dependent on the processed temporal pattern extracted from brainwaves reflecting neuronal activity of the skilled subject.

Claims

1. A method of facilitating a process of learning a skill, comprising: determining a neuronal activity pattern of a first subject skilled in the skill, while engaged in an activity involving the skill; processing the neuronal activity pattern of the first subject with at least one microprocessor; and subjecting a second subject learning the skill to a neurostimulation having at least one stimulus dependent on the processed neuronal activity pattern of the first subject.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said at least one stimulus is selected from the group consisting of one or more of a sensory excitation, a peripheral excitation, a cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES), a transcranial electric stimulation (TES), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and a deep brain stimulation (DBS).

3. The method according to claim 1, further comprising determining a neuronal baseline activity of the first subject, while not engaged in the skill.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the neurostimulation is at least one of a visual excitation and an auditory excitation.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the neurostimulation is at least one of a transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS), an oscillating transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (osc-tDCS), a High-Definition transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (HD-tDCS), and a transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS).

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the neurostimulation is at least one of a high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (HF-rTMS), and a low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (LF-rTMS).

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the neurostimulation is at least one of a deep transcranial electric stimulation (deep TES) and a deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (deep TMS).

8. The method according to claim 1, wherein said neuronal activity pattern is obtained by at least one of electroencephalography (EEG), low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography, magnetoencephalography, positron emission tomography (PET) scan, and functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) imaging.

9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one stimulus comprises at least one of a sensory excitation, a peripheral excitation, a transcranial excitation, a sensible stimulation of a sensory input, an insensible stimulation of a sensory input, a visual stimulus, an electromagnetic wave stimulus, an auditory stimulus, a tactile stimulus, a proprioceptive stimulus, a somatosensory stimulus, a pressure, a cranial nerve stimulus, a gustatory stimulus, an olfactory stimulus, a pain stimulus, and a thermal stimulus.

10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one stimulus comprises at least one of a transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), transcranial pulsed current stimulation (tPCS), spinal cord stimulation (SCS), transcranial pulsed ultrasound (TPU), pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF), a cochlear implant stimulus, deep brain stimulation (DBS), electrical stimulation of the retina, a pacemaker, a stimulation microelectrode array, vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), electrical brain stimulation (EBS), and focal brain stimulation (FBS).

11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the neurostimulation is adapted to cause a brainwave entrainment of the second subject with the first subject.

12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the skill comprises at least one of a mental, motor, musical instrument playing, singing, dancing, sports, martial arts, speech, mathematical, calligraphical, drawing, painting, massage, assembly, walking, running, swimming, yoga, fighting, shooting, self-defense, olfactory, and muscular coordination skill.

13. The method according to claim 1, further comprising controlling said at least one stimulus to synchronize brain activity patterns of the first subject while engaged in an activity involving the skill and the second subject.

14. An apparatus for facilitating a skill learning process, comprising at least one automated processor, configured to process information derived from a brain wave pattern of a first subject while engaged in a task, and in dependence thereon, define a neural stimulus pattern representing a modulation of a waveform of at least one stimulus of a stimulation device for stimulation of a second subject, effective to improve at least one of learning, performance, and appreciation of the task by the second subject receiving stimulation with the neural stimulus pattern; and to at least one of store and output the defined neural stimulus pattern.

15. The apparatus according to claim 14, further comprising the stimulation device, configured to subject the second subject to the neural stimulus pattern.

16. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the neural stimulus pattern comprises at least one stimulus selected from the group consisting of one or more of a sensory excitation, a peripheral excitation, a transcranial excitation, and a deep brain stimulation.

17. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the neural stimulus pattern is responsive to a brain wave pattern of the second subject prior to application of the stimulation of the second subject.

18. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the neural stimulus pattern is adaptive to a brain wave pattern of the second subject subsequent to initiation of the stimulation of the second subject.

19. The system according to claim 14, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to monitor the spatial brain activity pattern over time of the second subject after commencement of the application of the stimulus pattern, and to adapt the stimulus pattern based on feedback dependent on the monitored spatial brain activity pattern over time of the second subject.

20. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to determine neuronal activity patterns selectively associated with the task by analysis of a spatial brain activity pattern over time of the first subject while engaged in the task.

21. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to determine neuronal activity patterns which represent readiness for training in the task by analysis of a spatial brain activity pattern over time of the first subject prior to engaging in the task.

22. The apparatus according to claim 21, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to define the neural stimulus pattern by analysis of a spatial brain activity pattern over time of the second subject, and translate the determined spatial brain activity pattern over time of the first subject which represent readiness for training in the task, to define the neural stimulus pattern for the second subject to achieve a spatial brain activity pattern over time in the second subject corresponding to readiness for training in the task.

23. The system according to claim 14, further comprising a memory configured to store a brain activity model, wherein the at least one processor is configured to further define the neural stimulus pattern in dependence on the brain activity model.

24. A non-transitory computer-readable medium, storing therein instructions for a programmable processor to automatically perform a process, comprising: synchronizing brain activity data of a first subject with at least one event involving the first subject; analyzing the brain activity data to determine a selective change in the brain activity data over time corresponding to the event; and determine a stimulation pattern adapted to induce a brain activity in a second subject having a correspondence to the brain activity data associated with the event.

25. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to claim 24, wherein the stimulation pattern is further determined based on at least a brain activity model.

26. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to claim 24, storing therein further instructions for the programmable processor to automatically perform the process, further comprising storing data describing a temporal pattern extracted from the brain activity of the first subject, the stored temporal pattern being adapted for modulation of a signal usable as the stimulation pattern for the second subject, to facilitate learning relating to the event by the second subject.

27. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to claim 24, wherein the at least one event involves a cognitive skill.

28. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to claim 24, wherein the at least one event involves a motor skill.

29. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to claim 24, storing therein further instructions for the programmable processor to automatically perform the process, further comprising stimulating the second subject with the determined stimulation pattern to induce the brain activity in the second subject having the correspondence to the brain activity data associated with the event.

30. A method of facilitating a process of learning a skill, comprising: a step for determining a neuronal activity pattern of a first subject skilled in the skill, while engaged in an activity involving the skill; a step for processing the neuronal activity pattern of the first subject; and a step for subjecting a second subject learning the skill to a neurostimulation having at least one stimulus dependent on the processed neuronal activity pattern of the first subject.

31. An apparatus for facilitating a skill learning process, comprising: means for processing information derived from a brain wave pattern of a first subject while engaged in a task, and in dependence thereon, define a neural stimulus pattern representing a modulation of a waveform of at least one stimulus for stimulation of a second subject, effective to improve at least one of learning, performance, and appreciation of the task by the second subject receiving stimulation with the neural stimulus pattern; and at least one of output means for outputting the defined neural stimulus pattern; memory means for storing thedefiend neural stimulus pattern; and stimulus means for stimulating the second subject according to the defined neural stimulus pattern.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[1051] The detailed description is described with reference to the accompanying figures. In the figures, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number identifies the figure in which the reference number first appears. The use of the same reference number in different figures indicates similar or identical items.

[1052] FIG. 1 shows the electric activity of a neuron contributing to a brainwave.

[1053] FIG. 2 shows transmission of an electrical signal generated by a neuron through the skull, skin and other tissue to be detectable by an electrode transmitting this signal to EEG amplifier.

[1054] FIG. 3 shows an illustration of a typical EEG setup with a subject wearing a cup with electrodes connected to the EEG machine, which is, in turn, connected to a computer screen displaying the EEG.

[1055] FIG. 4 shows a typical EEG reading.

[1056] FIG. 5 shows one second of a typical EEG signal.

[1057] FIG. 6 shows main brainwave patterns.

[1058] FIG. 7 shows a flowchart according to one embodiment of the invention.

[1059] FIG. 8 shows a flowchart according to one embodiment of the invention.

[1060] FIG. 9 shows a flowchart according to one embodiment of the invention.

[1061] FIG. 10 shows a flowchart according to one embodiment of the invention.

[1062] FIG. 11 shows a flowchart according to one embodiment of the invention.

[1063] FIG. 12 shows a flowchart according to one embodiment of the invention.

[1064] FIG. 13 shows a flowchart according to one embodiment of the invention.

[1065] FIG. 14 shows a schematic representation of an apparatus according to one embodiment of the invention.

[1066] FIG. 15 shows brainwave real-time BOLD (Blood Oxygen Level Dependent) studies acquired with synchronized stimuli.

[1067] FIG. 16 shows Brain Entrainment Frequency Following Response (or FFR).

[1068] FIG. 17 shows brainwave entrainment before and after synchronization.

[1069] FIG. 18 shows brainwaves during inefficient problem solving and stress.

[1070] FIGS. 19 and 20 show how binaural beats work.

[1071] FIG. 21 shows Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

[1072] FIG. 22 shows a photo of a brain forming a new idea.

[1073] FIG. 23 shows 3D T2 CUBE (SPACE/VISTA) FLAIR & DSI tractography

[1074] FIG. 24 shows an EEG tracing.

[1075] FIG. 25 shows a flowchart according to one embodiment of the invention.

[1076] FIG. 26 shows a flowchart according to one embodiment of the invention.

[1077] FIG. 27 shows a flowchart according to one embodiment of the invention.

[1078] FIG. 28 shows a flowchart according to one embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[1079] The present invention generally relates to enhancing emotional response by a subject in connection with the received information by conveying to the brain of the subject temporal patterns of brainwaves of a second subject who had experienced such emotional response, said temporal pattern being provided non-invasively via light, sound, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), transcranial alternating current stimulation (tDAS) or HD-tACS, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) or other means capable of conveying frequency patterns.

[1080] The transmission of the brain waves can be accomplished through direct electrical contact with the electrodes implanted in the brain or remotely employing light, sound, electromagnetic waves and other non-invasive techniques. Light, sound, or electromagnetic fields may be used to remotely convey the temporal pattern of prerecorded brainwaves to a subject by modulating the encoded temporal frequency on the light, sound or electromagnetic filed signal to which the subject is exposed.

[1081] Every activity, mental or motor, every emotion is associated with unique brainwaves having specific spatial and temporal patterns, i.e., a characteristic frequency or a characteristic distribution of frequencies over time and space. Such waves can be read and recorded by several known techniques, including electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), exact low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (eLORETA), sensory evoked potentials (SEP), fMRI, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), etc. The cerebral cortex is composed of neurons that are interconnected in networks. Cortical neurons constantly send and receive nerve impulses-electrical activity-even during sleep. The electrical or magnetic activity measured by an EEG or MEG (or another device) device reflects the intrinsic activity of neurons in the cerebral cortex and the information sent to it by subcortical structures and the sense receptors.

[1082] An EEG electrode will mainly detect the neuronal activity in the brain region just beneath it. However, the electrodes receive the activity from thousands of neurons. One square millimeter of cortex surface, for example, has more than 100,000 neurons. It is only when the input to a region is synchronized with electrical activity occurring at the same time that simple periodic waveforms in the EEG become distinguishable. The temporal pattern associated with specific brainwaves can be digitized and encoded a non-transient memory.

[1083] Playing back the brainwaves to another animal or person by providing decoded temporal pattern through tDCS, tACS, HD-tACS, TMS, or through electrodes implanted in the brain, allows the recipient to learn the task at hand faster. For example, if the brain waves of a mouse navigated a familiar maze are decoded (by EEG or via implanted electrodes), playing this temporal pattern to another mouse unfamiliar with this maze will allow it to learn to navigate this maze faster.

[1084] Employing light, sound or electromagnetic field to remotely convey the temporal pattern of brainwaves (which may be prerecorded) to a subject by modulating the encoded temporal frequency on the light, sound or electromagnetic filed signal to which the subject is exposed.

[1085] When a group of neurons fires simultaneously, the activity appears as a brainwave. Different brainwave-frequencies are linked to different tasks in the brain.

[1086] FIG. 1 shows the electric activity of a neuron contributing to a brainwave.

[1087] FIG. 2 shows transmission of an electrical signal generated by a neuron through the skull, skin and other tissue to be detectable by an electrode transmitting this signal to EEG amplifier.

[1088] FIG. 3 shows an illustration of a typical EEG setup with a subject wearing a cup with electrodes connected to the EEG machine, which is, in turn, connected to a computer screen displaying the EEG. FIG. 4 shows a typical EEG reading. FIG. 5 shows one second of a typical EEG signal. FIG. 6 shows main brainwave patterns.

[1089] FIG. 7 shows a flowchart according to one embodiment of the invention. Brainwaves from a subject engaged in a task are recorded. Brainwaves associated with the task are identified. A temporal pattern in the brainwave associated with the task is decoded. The decoded temporal pattern is used to modulate the frequency of at least one stimulus. The temporal pattern is transmitted to the second subject by exposing the second subject to said at least one stimulus.

[1090] FIG. 8 shows a flowchart according to one embodiment of the invention. Brainwaves in a subject at rest and engaged in a task are recorded, and a brainwave characteristic associated with the task is separated by comparing with the brainwaves at rest. A temporal pattern in the brainwave associated with the task is decoded and stored. The stored code is used to modulate the temporal pattern on a stimulus, which is transmitted to the second subject by exposing the second subject to the stimulus

[1091] FIG. 9 shows a flowchart according to one embodiment of the invention. Brainwaves in a subject engaged in a task are recorded, and a Fourier Transform analysis performed. A temporal pattern in the brainwave associated with the task is then decoded and stored. The stored code is then used to modulate the temporal pattern on a stimulus, which is transmitted to the second subject by exposing the second subject to the stimulus.

[1092] FIG. 10 shows a flowchart according to one embodiment of the invention. Brainwaves in a plurality of subjects engaged in a respective task are recorded. A neural network is trained on the recorded brainwaves associated with the task. After the neural network is defined, brainwaves in a first subject engaged in the task are recorded. The neural network is used to recognize brainwaves associated with the task. A temporal pattern in the brainwaves associated with the task is decoded and stored. The code is used to modulate the temporal pattern on a stimulus. Brainwaves associated with the task in a second subject are induced by exposing the second subject to the stimulus

[1093] FIG. 11 shows a flowchart according to one embodiment of the invention. Brainwaves in a subject both at rest and engaged in a task are recorded. A brainwave pattern associated with the task is separated by comparing with the brainwaves at rest. For example, a filter or optimal filter may be designed to distinguish between the patterns. A temporal pattern in the brainwave associated with the task is decoded, and stored in software code, which is then used to modulate the temporal pattern of light, which is transmitted to the second subject, by exposing the second subject to the source of the light.

[1094] FIG. 12 shows a flowchart according to one embodiment of the invention. Brainwaves in a subject at rest and engaged in a task are recoded. A brainwave pattern associated with the task is separated by comparing with the brainwaves at rest. A temporal pattern in the brainwave associated with the task is decoded and stored as a temporal pattern in software code. The software code is used to modulate the temporal pattern on a sound signal. The temporal pattern is transmitted to the second subject by exposing the second subject to the sound signal.

[1095] FIG. 13 shows a flowchart according to one embodiment of the invention. Brainwaves in a subject engaged in a task are recorded, and brainwaves selectively associated with the task are identified. A pattern, e.g., a temporal pattern, in the brainwave associated with the task, is decoded and used to entrain the brainwaves of the second subject.

[1096] FIG. 14 shows a schematic representation of an apparatus according to one embodiment of the invention.

[1097] FIG. 15 shows brainwave real time BOLD (Blood Oxygen Level Dependent) fMRI studies acquired with synchronized stimuli.

[1098] FIG. 16 shows Brain Entrainment Frequency Following Response (or FFR). See, Stimulating the Brain with Light and Sound, Transparent Corporation, Neuroprogrammer 3, www.transparentcorp.com/products/np/entrainment.php.

[1099] FIG. 17 shows brainwave entrainment before and after synchronization. See, Understanding Brainwaves to Expand our Consciousness, fractalenlightenment.com/14794/spirituality/understanding-brainwaves-to-expand-our-consciousness

[1100] FIG. 18 shows brainwaves during inefficient problem solving and stress.

[1101] FIGS. 19 and 20 show how binaural beats work. Binaural beats are perceived when two different pure-tone sine waves, both with frequencies lower than 1500 Hz, with less than a 40 Hz difference between them, are presented to a listener dichotically (one through each ear). See, for example, if a 530 Hz pure tone is presented to a subject's right ear, while a 520 Hz pure tone is presented to the subject's left ear, the listener will perceive the auditory illusion of a third tone, in addition to the two pure-tones presented to each ear. The third sound is called a binaural beat, and in this example would have a perceived pitch correlating to a frequency of 10 Hz, that being the difference between the 530 Hz and 520 Hz pure tones presented to each ear. Binaural-beat perception originates in the inferior colliculus of the midbrain and the superior olivary complex of the brainstem, where auditory signals from each ear are integrated and precipitate electrical impulses along neural pathways through the reticular formation up the midbrain to the thalamus, auditory cortex, and other cortical regions. Auditory beats in the brain. . . . . FIG. 21 shows Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

[1102] FIG. 22 shows a photo of a brain forming a new idea.

[1103] FIG. 23 shows 3D T2 CUBE (SPACE/VISTA) FLAIR & DSI tractography.

[1104] FIG. 24 shows The EEG activities for a healthy subject during a working memory task.

[1105] FIG. 25 shows a flowchart according to one embodiment of the invention. Brainwaves in a subject engaged in a task are recorded. Brainwaves associated with the task are identified. A temporal pattern in the brainwave associated with the task is extracted. First and second dynamic audio stimuli are generated, whose frequency differential corresponds to the temporal pattern. Binaural beats are provided using the first and the second audio stimuli to stereo headphones worn by the second subject to entrain the brainwaves of the second subject.

[1106] FIG. 25 shows a flowchart according to one embodiment of the invention. Brainwaves of a subject engaged in a task are recorded, and brainwaves associated with the task identified. A pattern in the brainwave associated with the task is identified, having a temporal variation. Two dynamic audio stimuli whose frequency differential corresponds to the temporal variation are generated, and applied as a set of binaural bits to the second subject, to entrain the brainwaves of the second subject.

[1107] FIG. 26 shows a flowchart according to one embodiment of the invention. Brainwaves of a subject engaged in a task are recorded, and brainwaves associated with the task identified. A pattern in the brainwave associated with the task is identified, having a temporal variation. A series of isochronic tones whose frequency differential corresponds to the temporal variation is generated and applied as a set of stimuli to the second subject, to entrain the brainwaves of the second subject.

[1108] FIG. 27 shows a flowchart according to one embodiment of the invention. Brainwaves of a subject engaged in a task are recorded, and brainwaves associated with the task identified. A pattern in the brainwave associated with the task is identified, having a temporal variation. Two dynamic light stimuli whose frequency differential corresponds to the temporal variation are generated, and applied as a set of stimuli to the second subject, wherein each eye sees only one light stimuli, to entrain the brainwaves of the second subject.

[1109] FIG. 28 shows a flowchart according to one embodiment of the invention. Brainwaves of a subject engaged in a task are recorded, and brainwaves associated with the task identified. A pattern in the brainwave associated with the task is identified, having a temporal variation. Two dynamic electric stimuli whose frequency differential corresponds to the temporal variation are generated, and applied as transcranial stimulation to the second subject, wherein each electric signal is applied to the opposite side of the subject's head, to entrain the brainwaves of the second subject.

Example 1

[1110] We record EEG of a concert pianist while the pianist is playing a particular piece (e.g., Beethoven sonata); then decode the dynamic spatial and/or temporal patterns of the EEG and encode them in software. If a music student wants to learn this particular Beethoven sonata, we use the software with an encoded dynamic temporal pattern to drive smart bulbs or another source of light while the student is learning to play this piece from the music sheet. The result is accelerated learning. See FIG. 1.

Example 2

[1111] We record EEG of a martial art master while performing a particular move (say Karate or Kong Fu), decode the dynamic spatial and temporal patterns of the EEG and encode them in software. If a karate student wants to learn this particular move, we use the software with an encoded temporal pattern to drive smart bulbs or another source of light while the student is practicing this move. The result is accelerated learning. FIG. 2 represents an embodiment of the invention as applied to learning a drawing task, which is representative of various motor skills.

Example 3

[1112] A person is reading a book, and during the course of the reading, brain activity, including electrical or magnetic activity, and optionally other measurements, as acquired. The data is processed to determine the frequency and phase, and dynamic changes of brainwave activity, as well as the spatial location of emission. Based on a brain model, a set of non-invasive stimuli, which may include any and all senses, magnetic nerve or brain stimulation, ultrasound, etc., is devised for a subject who is to read or learn the same book. The subject is provided with the book to read, and the stimuli are presented to the subject synchronized with the progress through the book. Typically, the book is presented to the subject through an electronic reader device, such as a computer or computing pad, to assist in synchronization. The same electronic reader device may produce the temporal pattern of stimulation across the various stimulus modalities. The result is speed reading and improved comprehension and retention of the information.

[1113] Other examples of skill domains that may be facilitated include learning foreign languages, math, sports or specialized skills.

[1114] The method of the present invention can be used to accelerate learning of new information, new subjects or fine motor skills.

[1115] In this description, several preferred embodiments were discussed. Persons skilled in the art will, undoubtedly, have other ideas as to how the systems and methods described herein may be used. It is understood that this broad invention is not limited to the embodiments discussed herein. Rather, the invention is limited only by the following claims.

[1116] The aspects of the invention are intended to be separable and may be implemented in combination, sub-combination, and with various permutations of embodiments. Therefore, the various disclosure herein, including that which is represented by acknowledged prior art, may be combined, sub-combined and permuted in accordance with the teachings hereof, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

[1117] All references and information sources cited herein are expressly incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[1118] Hereinafter, embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings so that the present disclosure may be readily implemented by those skilled in the art. However, it is to be noted that the present disclosure is not limited to the embodiments but can be embodied in various other ways. In drawings, parts irrelevant to the description are omitted for the simplicity of explanation, and like reference numerals denote like parts through the whole document.

[1119] Through the whole document, the term connected to or coupled to that is used to designate a connection or coupling of one element to another element includes both a case that an element is directly connected or coupled to another element and a case that an element is electronically connected or coupled to another element via still another element. Further, it is to be understood that the term comprises or includes and/or comprising or including used in the document means that one or more other components, steps, operation and/or existence or addition of elements are not excluded in addition to the described components, steps, operation and/or elements unless context dictates otherwise.

[1120] Through the whole document, the term unit or module includes a unit implemented by hardware or software and a unit implemented by both of them. One unit may be implemented by two or more pieces of hardware, and two or more units may be implemented by one piece of hardware.

[1121] Other devices, apparatus, systems, methods, features and advantages of the invention will be or will become apparent to one with skill in the art upon examination of the following figures and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional systems, methods, features and advantages be included within this description, be within the scope of the invention, and be protected by the accompanying claims.