ELECTRICAL ASSEMBLY

Abstract

An electrical assembly including a primary electrical component having a semiconductor device, a primary heat sink having the primary electrical component mounted thereon to provide a heat sink for said primary electrical component, a secondary electrical component electrically connected or coupled with the primary electrical component, a secondary heat sink having the secondary electrical component mounted thereon to provide a heat sink for said secondary electrical component, wherein the primary heat sink and the secondary heat sink are physically releasably couplable to one another and, when coupled, the primary and secondary heat sinks are thermally coupled by abutment of heat transfer surfaces of the primary and secondary heat sinks.

Claims

1. An electrical assembly comprising; a primary electrical component comprising a semiconductor device; a primary heat sink having the primary electrical component mounted thereon to provide a heat sink for said primary electrical component; a secondary electrical component electrically connected or coupled with the primary electrical component; a secondary heat sink having the secondary electrical component mounted thereon to provide a heat sink for said secondary electrical component; wherein the primary heat sink and the secondary heat sink are physically releasably couplable to one another and, when coupled, the primary and secondary heat sinks are thermally coupled by abutment of respective heat transfer surfaces of the primary and secondary heat sinks.

2. The electrical assembly according to claim 1, wherein the primary heat sink is configured to receive a flow of a heat transfer fluid to actively cool said primary heat sink.

3. The electrical assembly according to claim 1, wherein the secondary heat sink is configured to passively cool the secondary electrical component without a flow of heat transfer fluid at least by virtue of its thermal coupling with the primary heat sink.

4. The electrical assembly according to claim 1, wherein the primary heat sink and the secondary heat sink include complementary parts of a releasable physical retention element configured to physically hold the primary and secondary heat sinks together when coupled.

5. The electrical assembly according to claim 1, wherein the primary heat sink includes one of a projecting plug part and a complementary socket part and the secondary heat sink includes the other, the plug part configured to be received by the socket part when the primary heat sink and the secondary heat sink are coupled, the plug part and socket part each comprising the respective heat transfer surface to transfer heat between the secondary heat sink and the primary heat sink.

6. The electrical assembly according to claim 1, wherein the assembly includes a plurality of primary heat sinks and associated primary electrical components arranged in a stack wherein, in the stack, a second primary heat sink positioned adjacent a first primary heat sink in the stack is arranged such the primary electrical component of the first primary heat sink is clamped between the first primary heat sink and the second primary heat sink by a clamping arrangement.

7. The electrical assembly according to claim 6, wherein the secondary heat sinks of the stack are arranged relative to the primary heat sinks such that they are individually removable from their associated primary heat sink without unclamping of the clamping arrangement of the primary heat sinks in the stack.

8. The electrical assembly according to claim 1 wherein the semiconductor device comprises one or more of; a thyristor; an insulated-gate bipolar transistor; a gate-turn-off thyristor; a Gate Commutated Thyristor; an Integrated Gate Commutated Thyristor; and an Injection Enhanced Gate Transistor.

9. The electrical assembly according to claim 1, wherein the secondary electrical component comprises at least one of; a grading resistor comprising a resistor configured to improve the distribution (grading) of voltage amongst series connected semiconductor devices in the electrical assembly; a snubber capacitor comprising a capacitor configured to suppress voltage transients during switching of the semiconductor device; a damping circuit such as a Resistor-Capacitor circuit configured to damp any oscillatory behaviour experienced at switching of the semiconductor device; a controller configured to control, monitor, or provide feedback from the semiconductor device.

10. The electrical assembly according to claim 1, wherein the secondary heat sink includes at least one heat pipe having a working fluid therein for transferring thermal energy from an evaporator end to a condensing end, the condensing end arranged adjacent the heat transfer surface of the secondary heat sink.

11. The electrical assembly according to claim 1, wherein the primary heat sink comprises a plate having a first and a second larger face and four smaller faces, wherein the primary electrical component is mounted to at least one of the larger faces and the secondary heat sink is thermally coupled to one of the smaller faces.

12. The electrical assembly according to claim 1, comprising an electrical connector comprising a first electrical connector part and a second electrical connector part for providing an electrical connection between the semiconductor device and the secondary electrical component, the first electrical connector part associated with the primary heat sink and the second electrical connector part associated with the secondary heat sink.

13. The electrical assembly according to claim 1, wherein the primary heat sink and the secondary heat sink are of an electrically conductive material and the coupling between them provides for an electrical connection therebetween, wherein an electrical terminal of the primary electrical component and an electrical terminal of the secondary electrical component are connected together via the first and secondary heat sinks such that a current path between the electrical components is provided by the heat sinks.

14. A converter, for transferring power between AC and DC electrical networks, comprising a converter limb portion connected between AC and DC terminals, the AC terminal being connectable to an AC electrical network and the DC terminal being connectable to a DC electrical network, the converter limb portion comprising a the electrical assembly of claim 1 wherein the semiconductor device comprises a switching element operable to facilitate power transfer between the AC and DC terminals during operation of the converter.

15. A kit of parts for providing the electrical assembly of claim 1.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0025] There now follows, by way of example only, a detailed description of embodiments of the invention with reference to the following figures, in which:

[0026] FIGS. 1a and 1b show a side view of an electrical assembly comprising primary and secondary heat sinks in coupled and uncoupled positions;

[0027] FIG. 2 shows an electrical assembly comprising a stack;

[0028] FIG. 3 shows a schematic electrical diagram of electrical connections between primary and secondary electrical components;

[0029] FIG. 4 shows a further example of the electrical assembly;

[0030] FIG. 5 shows a still further example of the electrical assembly;

[0031] FIG. 6 shows another example of the electrical assembly; and

[0032] FIG. 7 shows, schematically, an example converter.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0033] Electrical components may require cooling to operate efficiently and/or reliably. Cooling of electrical components may also be important when a plurality of electrical components are mounted together in an assembly where each electrical component comprises a source of heat, particularly when the assembly is compact. Heat sinks can be used to conduct heat or thermal energy away from the electrical components. Heat sinks may be passive in that they provide a radiative surface to transfer heat to atmosphere or they may be active whereby power is used to drive a fan or a pump to move a working fluid through the heat sink. The working fluid may transfer the heat to a radiator located with or separate to the heat sink. The assembly may be part of a larger apparatus such as a power converter.

[0034] Power converters are used to exchange energy between electrical networks, such as alternating current networks and direct current networks or networks operating at different voltages or frequencies. Often power converters comprise arrays of semiconductor devices or switches, each of which may require cooling. Further, each semiconductor device may be configured to operate in association with other electrical components that also require cooling. Thus, it will be appreciated that providing temperature control for an electrical assembly of interconnected electrical components can be complicated. This is particularly so when access to individual components for maintenance may be required.

[0035] The following examples describe a heat sink arrangement for a semiconductor device, such as a thyristor, that is typically arranged in a stack, known as a clamped assembly, comprising a plurality of semiconductor devices arranged together. In particular, the electrical assembly described below has particular application when applied to a plurality of thyristors electrically connected together and that are interleaved by heat sinks, where the thyristor/heat sink stack are secured together by a clamping arrangement. The stack may form part of a power converter. Each thyristor may form part of a thyristor valve with other electrical components (such as secondary electrical components as described below). It will, however, be appreciated that the electrical assembly has wider application and may be used to provide an efficiently cooled electrical assembly comprising arrays of semiconductor devices that is space efficient and easy to maintain.

[0036] FIGS. 1a and 1b show an electrical assembly 1 comprising a primary heat sink 2 and a secondary heat sink 3. FIG. 1a shows the primary heat sink 2 and the secondary heat sink 3 releasably coupled together and in thermal contact with one another. FIG. 1b shows the primary heat sink 2 and the secondary heat sink 3 decoupled and parted from one another. The releasable nature of the coupling between the primary heat sink 2 and the secondary heat sink 3 is advantageous for servicing of electrical components associated with the heat sinks as described below.

[0037] The primary heat sink 2 has a primary electrical component 4 mounted thereon comprising a semiconductor device, such as a thyristor. Thus, the primary heat sink 2 is thermally connected to the primary electrical component 4 such that heat generated by the primary electrical component 4 during use is conducted away by the primary heat sink 4. Although the primary electrical component 4 comprises a thyristor in this example, it may comprise other semiconductor devices such as an insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), a gate-turn-off thyristor (GTO), a Gate Commutated Thyristor (GCT), an Integrated Gate Commutated Thyristor (IGCT) and an Injection Enhanced Gate Transistor (IEGT).

[0038] The secondary heat sink 3 has a secondary electrical component 5 mounted thereon, such as a resistor. Thus, the secondary heat sink 3 is thermally connected to the secondary electrical component 5 such that heat generated by the secondary electrical component 5 during use is conducted away by the secondary heat sink 3. In this example, a plurality of electrical components are mounted on the secondary heat sink 3. FIGS. 1a and 1b show four grading resistors 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d mounted to the secondary heat sink. The grading resistors may be directly or indirectly electrically connected with the primary electrical component 4.

[0039] The primary heat sink 2 and the secondary heat sink 3 are physically releasably couplable to one another. Thus, when brought into contact a retention arrangement may physically hold the primary heat sink 2 and the secondary heat sink 3 in thermal contact. Thus, thermal energy received by the heat sinks can flow between them by virtue of the thermal contact therebetween. Accordingly, each heat sink 2, 3 includes a heat transfer surface 6, 7 through which heat is transferred to the other heat sink when the surfaces 6, 7 abut (shown in FIG. 1a) and are in thermal contact.

[0040] This arrangement is particularly advantageous for forming a stack of semiconductor devices such as for use in a power converter.

[0041] The primary heat sink 2 comprises a plate shaped body 8. The plate is substantially cuboidal having at least a larger, top, face 9 and a second larger, bottom, face 10 that separate four smaller faces 11, 12 (the other two smaller faces are not visible in the sectional view of FIGS. 1 and 2). The primary heat sink may be of a thermally conductive material such as copper or aluminium. The primary heat sink may also be of a metal or other electrically conductive material. The primary electrical component 4 is mounted on one of the larger faces 9. The second larger face 10 is complementary to a side 13 of the primary electrical component 4 that is opposed to the side in contact with the primary heat sink 2. Thus, a plurality of the primary heat sinks and primary electrical components can be stacked together with the faces 9, 10 in contact with interleaved primary electrical components 4. It will be appreciated that one of the primary heat sinks located at one end of the stack will only be in contact with its associated primary electrical component rather and not the primary electrical component of an adjacent primary heat sink. Further, it will be appreciated that one of the primary electrical components located on a primary heat sink located at the other end of the stack may only be in contact with its associated primary heat sink rather than being sandwiched between two primary heat sinks.

[0042] The primary heat sink 2 may be actively cooled by a heat transfer fluid that is pumped through the primary heat sink 2. Thus, the primary heat sink 2 includes part of a cooling circuit 14 to receive a flow of heat transfer fluid. The smaller face 11 includes a first port 15 to provide for flow into the cooling circuit part 14 and a second port 16 for flow out of the cooling circuit part 14. The ports 15, 16 may connect to a pump (not shown) and a heat exchanger (not shown). Thus, a heat transfer fluid that enters via one of the ports 15, 16 is transferred around the internal structure of the primary heat sink 2 to absorb the thermal energy of the primary heat sink 2 and then flows back out of the primary heat sink 2. In this example, the heat transfer fluid may be water, although other heat transfer fluids, such as glycol or a mixture of water and glycol may be used.

[0043] In this example, the cooling circuit part 14 remains solely within the primary heat sink 2 and does not extend to the secondary heat sink 3. However, in other embodiments, the cooling circuit 14 may include ports to circulate heat transfer fluid from the primary heat sink 2 around the secondary heat sink 3. In still further embodiments, the secondary heat sink 3 is actively cooled by a separate heat transfer fluid circuit, which may utilise the same or different pump and/or the same or different heat exchanger.

[0044] FIGS. 1a and 1b shows a passive secondary heat sink 3. The secondary heat sink 3 does not receive a heat transfer fluid to remove heat therefrom and instead relies upon heat transfer to the environment, such as through fins and the like, and heat transfer into the primary heat sink 2. Thus, the coupling of the passive, secondary heat sink 3 to the actively cooled, primary heat sink 2 via a thermally coupled releasable connection is advantageous in terms of effectively cooling the electrical components of the secondary heat sink while ensuring easy maintenance of the assembly. Thus, replacement of the secondary electrical component is straightforward as the secondary heat sink can be mechanically decoupled from the primary heat sink to either replace the whole arrangement including the secondary electrical components or just provide convenient access to the secondary electrical components for replacement in a position decoupled from the electrical assembly 1. Thus, if the secondary heat sink is a passive heat sink, a user does not have to open or disconnect the cooling circuit 14.

[0045] The smaller face 12 comprises the heat transfer surface 6 of the primary heat sink 2. Given that the primary heat sink 2 is plate shaped, the faces 11, 12 have a relatively smaller area than the larger faces 9, 10. Thus, in order to provide a larger surface area for heat transfer between the secondary heat sink 3 and the primary heat sink 2, the face 12 may include one or more projections or recesses. The projections or recesses are complementary to the other of a projection or recess formed on the secondary heat sink 3. The projection and recess thus comprise a plug and socket configuration comprising a male plug part and a female socket part. In this example, the heat transfer surface of the primary heat sink 6 comprises one projection 17, although more projections could be provided. The projection may be wedge shaped such that it tapers to a narrower portion at its distal end. A tapering shape makes mounting of the secondary heat sink 3 to the primary heat sink 2 easier. The projection 17 has a length of more than 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% or 50% of the length of the primary heat sink measured between the face 11 and the base of the projection 17. This increases the area of the heat transfer surface so that the passive, secondary heat sink 3 is able to rely on the cooling effect of the primary heat sink 2 in addition to any direct heat transfer to atmosphere. Further, the cooling circuit part 14 follows a path that extends into the internal volume of the projection 17. In other embodiments the path does not extend into the projection 17. A layer of thermal grease may be provided between the projection and recess to provide for effective thermal coupling.

[0046] The secondary heat sink 3, in this example, is also flat and substantially plate shaped and therefore also includes two larger faces separated by four smaller faces and is connected to the primary heat sink via the smaller face 18. The face 18 includes a recess 19 complementary to the projection 17. The heat transfer surface 7 is provided over the internal surface of the recess 19. The secondary electrical component 5 is mounted on at least one of the larger faces 20 or one of the smaller faces 21, opposite the face 18 that connects to the primary heat sink 2. The secondary heat sink 3 can be considered to be a detachable extension of the primary heat sink 2. The secondary heat sink may be of a thermally conductive material such as copper or aluminium. The secondary heat sink may also be of a metal or other electrically conductive material.

[0047] The primary heat sink 2 and the secondary heat sink 3 are held in contact with one another by a mechanical retention arrangement. In this example, an interference fit between the projection 17 and the recess 19 provides for the mechanical retention. The thermal coupling is provided by the surface 7 being in close contact with the surface 6 when the primary and secondary heat sinks are coupled together.

[0048] The heat sinks 2, 3 described above are plate shaped although they may be any shape. When the semiconductor device 4 is a switching device for a high voltage power converter it is advantageous for a plurality of primary heat sinks to be arranged interleaved with a corresponding plurality of semiconductor devices and for the secondary heat sinks to project from the primary heat sinks such that they can be decoupled from their associated primary heat sink without disassembly of the interleaved primary heat sink arrangement.

[0049] Electrical connections between the primary electrical component 4 and the secondary electrical component 5 may also be provided. In some examples, the electrical conductivity of the primary and secondary heat sinks may be utilised to provide an electrical connection between the components.

[0050] The secondary electrical components 5 may comprise components electrically arranged with the semiconductor device 4 to form a circuit, such as a switching circuit of a power converter. In this example, the secondary electrical components 5 comprise one or more grading resistors to improve the distribution (grading) of voltage amongst the series connected semiconductor devices in the circuit. However, in other examples, the secondary electrical component may comprise a capacitor, such as a snubber capacitor configured to suppress voltage transients during switching of the semiconductor device; a controller configured to control, monitor or provide feedback from the semiconductor device. Thus, the controller may be configured to control one or more of the semiconductor devices of the primary heat sink. The controller may be configured to provide a turn-on signal to the semiconductor device; a turn-off signal to the semiconductor device; and/or a feedback signal based on the conduction state of the semiconductor device.

[0051] FIG. 2 shows the electrical assembly 1 comprising a stack of primary and secondary heat sinks 2, 3 with their associated primary and secondary electrical components 4, 5. The stack comprises two of the arrangement shown in FIG. 1 stacked on top of one another with the primary heat sinks and associated primary electrical components clamped together to form a clamped assembly. The same reference numerals have been used for like parts.

[0052] Each individual arrangement of primary and secondary heat sink 2, 3 and primary and secondary electrical component 4, 5 is substantially the same as described for FIG. 1. Therefore only the differences will be described. Further, to distinguish between the two heat sink/component arrangement in the stack, they will be designated the first arrangement 22 and the second arrangement 23. The second arrangement 23 is mounted with the first arrangement 22 such that the face 10 of the second arrangement 23 contacts the primary electrical component 4 of the first arrangement 22. The contact between the primary electrical component 4 of the first arrangement 22 and the primary heat sink 2 of second arrangement 23 may be such that the primary electrical component 4 is thermally coupled to both its associated primary heat sink 2 and an adjacent primary heat sink 2 (of arrangement 23) in the stack. As mentioned above, an electrical connection may be provided between one terminal of the semiconductor device to its associated primary heat sink and an electrical connection may be provided between a second terminal and the primary heat sink of the adjacent arrangement. The first and second terminals may comprise the anode and the cathode of the thyristor 4. Further, in the case of the primary electrical component comprising an IGBT or IEGT, the first and second terminals may comprise the collector and emitter of the IGBT or IEGT.

[0053] A clamping arrangement (not shown) is configured to clamp groups of heat sink/electrical component arrangements, 2, 4 together. The clamping arrangement may provide physical integrity to the stack and may ensure good thermal coupling between the primary electrical components 4 and the primary heat sinks 2 that surround them.

[0054] FIG. 2 also shows that the secondary heat sinks 3 and/or their associated secondary electrical components 5 are arranged such that there is a gap 24 between adjacent secondary heat sinks 3. The gap 24 may provide for easier maintenance to the secondary electrical components, as the secondary heat sink 3 can be removed without releasing the clamping arrangement that holds the stack together by the primary heat sinks 2 and the primary electrical components 4. Further, the gap 24 provides for electrical isolation between the secondary heat sinks, which may be important because the secondary heat sinks on either side of the gap may be at different electrical potentials when the primary semiconductor device is in the off state.

[0055] FIG. 2 also shows additional secondary electrical components 5 mounted on the secondary heat sink 3. In particular, box 5e, mounted to the face 21 of the secondary heat sink 3, represents one or more secondary electrical components that may or may not be provided with cooling by the secondary heat sink. In this example, the box 5e represents one or more grading resistors, one or more grading capacitors, one or more snubber capacitors and/or control electronics. The electrical components of box 5e may be electrically connected to the primary electrical component 4 and/or the other secondary electrical components 5a-d.

[0056] Electrical connections between the primary and secondary electrical components may be provided. Further electrical connections between secondary electrical components of adjacent (but could be elsewhere in the stack) arrangements 22, 23 may be provided. A gate electrical connection 25 comprising an electrical cable or an optical cable is provided between a controller that forms part of the electrical components 5e and the gate terminal of the primary electrical component (thyristor) 4. An anode electrical connection 26 is provided between the secondary electrical components 5e of the first arrangement 22 and the secondary electrical components 5e of the second arrangement 23. The anode connection may comprise an electrical cable. A cathode electrode connection is provided for by the conductivity of the primary heat sink 2 and the secondary heat sink 3. Accordingly, a cathode terminal of the primary electrical component 4 is connected to a terminal of one or more of the secondary electrical components via the electrical connection provided by the body of the heat sinks 2, 3.

[0057] FIG. 3 shows the secondary electrical components in the box 5e and the connection to the primary electrical components, which comprises thyristor 4. The resistors 5a-d are shown schematically as within box 5e in FIG. 3 for clarity. The secondary electrical components comprise a capacitor 30 and a resistor 31 and a power supply unit (PSU) 32 arranged in series with one another. The capacitor 30, resistor 31 and PSU 32 are arranged in parallel with the thyristor 4 by way of the cathode electrical connection (shown as 33) and the anode electrical connection 34. The cathode electrical connection 33 connects to a cathode terminal 35 of the thyristor 4. The anode electrical connection 34 connects to an anode terminal 36 of the thyristor 4. The capacitor 30, resistor 31 and PSU 32 are also arranged in parallel with a pair of resistors 37, 38 that are arranged in series. A connection internal to the secondary electrical components 5e provides a signal V.sub.meas a controller 39 from between the pair of resistors 37, 38. Thus, the pair of resistors 37, 38 act as a voltage divider for the voltage across the thyristor 4 and as the grading resistors (resistors 5a-d) to improve voltage distribution between series-connected thyristors. The controller 39, which may comprise a microcontroller or ASIC for example, is provided with power from the PSU 32. The controller 39 is configured to provide a control signal to a gate terminal 40 of the thyristor 4 by the gate electrical connection 25 and/or provide monitoring functions of the state of the thyristor 4.

[0058] FIG. 4 shows a further embodiment of the connection between the primary heat sink 2 and the secondary heat sink 3. In this embodiment, the face 12 of the primary heat sink includes a plurality of projections 17a, 17b, 17c. Likewise, the face 18 of the secondary heat sink 3 includes a plurality of complementary recesses 19a, 19b, 19c. In this example, the heat transfer fluid circuit part 14 does not extend into the projections 17a, 17b, 17c. One or more of the projections 17a-c and, in this case projection 17b, includes a flange 41. The flange 41 is configured to cooperate with a complementary detent structure (not shown) of the face 18 and/or heat transfer surface 7. The flange 41 acts to physically retain the primary and secondary heat sink in close thermal contact.

[0059] FIG. 5 shows a further embodiment where the primary heat sink 2 includes a socket or recess 50 and the secondary heat sink 3 includes the projection or plug 51. Rather than being tapered as in previous examples, the projection and recess 50, 51 have a substantially constant width along their length. The heat transfer fluid circuit part 14 is also shown extending around side walls of the recess 50 within the body of the primary heat sink 2. In this example, the retention element comprises a flange 52 and a clip 53 arranged to engage one another when the primary heat sink 2 and the secondary heat sink are coupled together. The clip 53 rides over the flange 52 to provide a secure mechanical engagement between the heat sinks. In other examples, the retention element comprises a magnetic coupling.

[0060] FIG. 6 shows a further example similar to FIG. 5 in which the projection and recess 62, 63 are provided on the other of the primary and secondary heat sink 2, 3. In this example, the primary and secondary heat sinks also carry complementary parts of an electrical connector 60, 61. The electrical connector parts are configured to electrically connect together when the primary and secondary heat sinks 2, 3 are in mechanical and thermal engagement with one another. Alternatively, the electrical connector parts may require manual connection. The electrical connector part 60 of the primary heat sink carries connections to one or more of the terminals of the primary electrical component 4. The electrical connector part 61 of the secondary heat sink 3 carries connections to one or more of the terminals of one or more of the components of the secondary electrical components 5. Thus, the electrical connector provides a convenient means for electrically connecting the primary and secondary electrical components. The retention element for physically retaining the heat sinks together is provided by an interference fit between the projection and recess 62, 63.

[0061] In other embodiments, a plurality of primary electrical components may be provided on said primary heat sink. In other embodiments, the secondary heat sink may include at least one heat pipe having a working fluid therein for transferring thermal energy from an evaporator end to a condensing end, the condensing end arranged adjacent the heat transfer surface of the secondary heat sink. Thus, a heat pipe comprises a sealed body including a phase-change working fluid that absorbs heat at one end, evaporates, and transfers the heat to the condensing end. The working fluid is transferred back to the evaporator end by a wick within the heat pipe.

[0062] In other embodiments, the stack may comprise a stack of thyristors that may or may not be interleaved with primary heat sinks and the primary heat sinks may attach to the thyristors on any available thyristor surface.

[0063] A power converter 70 comprising, a LCC or VSC, may include a stack wherein the semiconductor devices 4 are configured to provide switching of a voltage between an AC network 71 and DC electrical network represented by DC terminals 72, 73. The assembly 1, comprising a stack, may form part of a limb of the converter 70 for switching a voltage of an electrical phase of the AC network or the voltage of the DC network, as will be understood by those skilled in the art.

[0064] This written description uses examples to disclose the invention, including the preferred embodiments, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal languages of the claims.