NOVEL SOLAR MODULES, SUPPORTING LAYER STACKS AND METHODS OF FABRICATING THEREOF

Abstract

A solar cell supporting layer stack for mechanically supporting a solar cell is described. The solar cell includes: a rigid foam layer; one or more skin layers disposed adjacent to said rigid foam layer; and wherein said rigid foam layer and said one or more skin layers capable of providing mechanical support to said solar cell when said supporting layer stack is disposed adjacent to said solar cell.

Claims

1. A combination of solar cell and supporting layer stack, said combination comprising: a solar cell; and a solar cell supporting layer stack adjacent to and mechanically supporting said solar cell, said supporting layer stack comprising: two skin layers; a closed-cell, rigid foam layer having a thickness that is between 1 mm and about 4 mm, and wherein said closed-cell, rigid foam layer is made from polyvinylchloride and does not absorb moisture; and wherein said closed-cell, rigid foam layer is disposed between said two skin layers.

2. The combination of claim 1, wherein said closed-cell, rigid foam layer is fused with at least one of the two skin layers to form said supporting layer stack.

3. The combination of claim 1, wherein said closed-cell, rigid foam layer has a density that is between about 25 kg/m.sup.3 and about 300 kg/m.sup.3.

4. The combination of claim 1, wherein said closed-cell, rigid foam layer has a compression strength that is between about 0.6 MPa and about 7.5 MPa.

5. The combination of claim 1, wherein said closed-cell, rigid foam layer has a compression modulus that is between about 40 MPa and about 400 MPa.

6. The combination of claim 1, wherein said closed-cell, rigid foam layer has a shear strength that is between about 0.4 MPa and about 4.5 MPa.

7. The combination of claim 1, wherein said closed-cell, rigid foam layer has a shear modulus that is between about 10 MPa and about 100 MPa.

8. The combination of claim 1, wherein one of said two skin layers is made from at least one material selected from a group consisting of polyvinyl fluoride, polymer of tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene fluoride, vinylidene fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene co-polymer, ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyamide-12, polyamide-11, polymethyl methacralate, polycarbonate, polybutylene terephthalate, aluminum, stainless steel, galvanized steel, titanium, copper, molybdenum, polyethylene resin with glass fiber, and polypropylene resin with glass fiber.

9. The combination of claim 1, wherein said two skin layers are made from the same material.

10. The combination of claim 1, wherein at least one of said two skin layers has a thickness that is between about 0.025 mm and about 3.0 mm.

11. The combination of claim 1, wherein one of the two skin layers is an insulating layer such that said insulating layer electrically isolates said supporting layer stack from said solar cell.

12. The combination of claim 1, wherein at least one of said two skin layers is resistant to solar UV energy.

13. The combination of claim 1, wherein at least one of said two skin layers has a moisture vapor transmission of less than 0.05 gm.sup.2/m/day.

14. A combination of solar cell and supporting layer stack, said combination comprising: a solar cell; and a solar cell supporting layer stack adjacent to and mechanically supporting said solar cell, said supporting layer stack comprising: a first skin layer; a second skin layer; a closed-cell, rigid foam layer made from polyvinylchloride and that does not absorb moisture, and wherein said closed-cell, rigid foam layer is disposed between said two skin layers; a first adhesive layer disposed between said first skin layer and said closed-cell rigid foam layer and a second adhesive layer disposed between said second skin layer and said closed-cell, rigid foam layer, wherein said first adhesive layer and said second adhesive layer includes at least one compound chosen from a group comprising ethylene vinyl acetate, polyurethane, silicone, polyvinyl butyral, polyolefin, ionomer, butyl rubber-based adhesives, and vinyl-phenolic.

15. The combination of claim 14, wherein said adhesive layer is made from ethylene vinyl acetate or polyolefin.

16. A combination of solar cell and supporting layer stack, said combination comprising: a solar cell; and a solar cell supporting layer stack adjacent to and mechanically supporting said solar cell, said supporting layer stack comprising: two skin layers; a closed-cell, rigid foam layer having a thickness that is between 1 mm and about 12 mm, wherein said closed-cell, rigid foam layer is made from polyvinylchloride and does not absorb moisture, and wherein said closed-cell, rigid foam layer is disposed between said two skin layers; and an adhesive layer disposed between at least one of said two skin layers and said rigid foam layer.

17. The combination of claim 16, wherein said adhesive layer is disposed between each of said skin layers and said rigid foam layer.

18. The combination of claim 16, wherein said adhesive layer is made from at least one material selected from a group consisting of ethylene vinyl acetate, polyurethane, silicone, polyvinyl butyral, polyolefin, ionomer, epoxies, butyl rubber-based adhesives and vinyl-phenolic.

19. The combination of claim 16, wherein said closed-cell, rigid foam layer has a thickness that is between 1 mm and about 4 mm.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0026] FIG. 1 is an exploded side-sectional view of a conventional solar module.

[0027] FIG. 2 shows a side-sectional view of a solar cell supporting layer stack, according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0028] FIG. 3 shows an exploded side-sectional view of a solar module, according to one embodiment of the present invention, including an exemplar inventive solar cell supporting layer stack shown in FIG. 2.

[0029] FIG. 4 shows an exploded side-sectional view of a solar module, according to another embodiment of the present invention, including another exemplar inventive supporting layer stack that has a rigid foam layer adhering to a single skin layer using an interposed adhesive layer.

[0030] FIG. 5 shows an exploded side-sectional view of a solar module, according to yet another embodiment of the present invention, including a yet another exemplar inventive supporting layer stack that has a rigid foam layer sandwiched between two skin layers without interposed adhesive layers.

[0031] FIG. 6 is a flowchart of a process, according to one embodiment of the present invention, of fabricating inventive solar modules (e.g., those shown in FIGS. 3 and 4).

[0032] FIG. 7 is a flowchart of a process, according to another embodiment of the present invention, of fabricating another inventive solar module (e.g., the one shown in FIG. 5).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0033] In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without limitation to some or all of these specific details. In other instances, well-known process steps have not been described in detail in order to not unnecessarily obscure the invention.

[0034] The present invention recognizes that a solar cell supporting layer stack that does not include glass cover sheet overcomes the drawbacks encountered by the conventional solar module design. In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the supporting layer stack includes a cover sheet not made from glass, which, in conventional assemblies, is designed to resist environmental elements, such as UV radiation, moisture, snow, hail and wind-borne debris. In a preferred embodiment, the inventive supporting layer stacks includes any rigid layer adjacent or approximate to an appropriate skin layer. In a more preferred embodiment, however, inventive rigid layer consists of a foam layer.

[0035] It is noteworthy that the term adjacent, as used herein, is not limited to embodiments where the different layers characterized as adjacent and disposed inside the solar module or the solar cell supporting layer stack, contact each other. Rather, the use of the term adjacent also covers those embodiments where one or more intermediate layers are interposed between two adjacent layers.

[0036] FIG. 2 shows an exemplar inventive supporting layer stack 120 that attaches to one or more solar cells, typically by an adhesive layer. Supporting layer stack 120 includes a closed-cell, rigid foam layer 114, which does not absorb moisture, sandwiched between two skin layers 110 and 118 using interposed adhesive layers 112 and 116. Foam layer 114 provides mechanical support to the solar cells when supporting layer 120 is assembled with the solar cell within a solar module. Examples of mechanical properties of foam layer 114 include shear strength, shear modulus, shear elongation, compressive strength, compressive modulus, impact toughness (i.e., resilience), and fatigue resistance.

[0037] Skin layers 110 and 118 may provide tensile strength, tensile modulus, compressive strength, compressive modulus, along with other key environmentally-protective properties for the foam component and the solar module overall. Skin layer 110 may act as a dielectric layer, which electrically isolates the solar cells from components external to skin layer 110 within the solar module. Skin layer 118 preferably offers protection to foam layer 114 and the solar cells from environmental elements, such as moisture, UV radiation, snow, hail and wind-borne debris.

[0038] Adhesive layers 112 and 116 are preferably able to withstand the shear and tensile forces between the skins and core, as well as perform the essential role of bonding these elements together for the life of the solar module.

[0039] FIG. 3 shows a solar module 200, according to one embodiment of the present invention. Solar module 200 incorporates a supporting layer stack 220 substantially similar to supporting layer stack 120 shown in FIG. 2. Solar module 200 includes a cover film 202 and solar cells 206, which adhere to each other by an interposed adhesive layer 204. The sub-assembly of cover film 202, adhesive layer 204 and solar cells 206 adhere to a supporting layer stack 220 by another adhesive layer 208. In this configuration, it is noteworthy that adhesive layers 204 and 208 sandwich solar cells 206. In preferred embodiments of the present invention, adhesive layers 204 and 208 encapsulate solar cells 206, and are therefore commonly referred to as encapsulants. Encapsulants 204 and 208, as they are sometimes known, offer additional protection to the solar cell from external forces acting on the solar module. Adjacent to encapsulant 208, supporting layer stack as described in FIG. 2 is disposed. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, supporting layer stack 220 includes two skin layers 210 and 218, sandwiching a foam layer 214. Adhesives 212 and 216 interposed between skin layer 210 and foam layer 214 and between foam layer 214 and skin layer 218, respectively, hold the supporting layer stack sub-assembly 220 together during the lifetime and operation of the solar module 200.

[0040] In certain preferred embodiments of the present invention, it is not necessary to have two or more skin layers, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, in the inventive supporting layer stack sub-assemblies. FIG. 4 shows a solar module 300, according to another embodiment of the present invention, including a supporting layer stack that has a single skin layer.

[0041] Solar module 300 includes a cover film 302, encapsulants 304 and 308 and solar cells 306 that are the same or substantially similar to their counterparts shown in FIG. 3, i.e., cover film 202, encapsulants 204 and 208, and solar cells 206. Furthermore, skin layer 318, adhesive layer 316 and foam layer 314 are also same or substantially similar to their counterparts shown in FIG. 3, i.e., skin layer 318, adhesive layer 316 and foam layer 314. It is noteworthy that in the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, layers corresponding to skin layer 210 and adhesive layer 212 are absent. The absence of a skin layer and an associated adhesive layer provides inventive supporting layer stacks that enjoy the advantages of reduced weight and lower manufacturing cost for the ultimately produced solar module 300.

[0042] It is also important to note, however, that in certain preferred embodiments of the present invention, the presence of adhesive layers (e.g., adhesive layers 212 and 216 of FIG. 3) is not necessary to hold the inventive supporting layer stack sub-assemblies together. To this end, FIG. 5 shows a solar module 400, according to an alternate embodiment of the present invention, including a foam layer 414 that is directly sandwiched between skin layers 410 and 418, without using any adhesive layer. In all other respects, solar module 400 of FIG. 5 is substantially similar to solar module 200 in FIG. 3. In other words, a cover film 402, encapsulants 404 and 408, solar cells 406 are the same or substantially similar to their counterparts cover film 202, encapsulants 204 and 208, solar cells 206 of FIG. 3.

[0043] In the absence of adhesive layers, a resulting supporting layer stack 420 of FIG. 5 is relatively light weight, inexpensive to manufacture and requires a reduced list of materials during the supporting layer stack or solar module manufacturing process. In those applications where high strength of bonding between the different layers within supporting layer stacks is required, supporting layer stack 120 may represent a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

[0044] Foam layer (e.g., 114 of FIG. 2, 214 of FIG. 3, 314 of FIG. 4, 414 of FIG. 5) as contemplated by the present invention, need not be made from foam, and may well be made from any suitable rigid, lightweight material that is capable of offering mechanical support to solar cells within a solar module. Foam layer, however, is preferably made from at least one material selected from a group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate, polyurethane, polyetherimide, polymethacrylimide, styreneacrylonitrile, polyimide, polyvinylchloride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polycarbonate, ethylene vinyl acetate, balsa wood, polyisocyanurate, polyethylene, carbon, aluminum, polyethylene naphthalate, polyolefin and polypropylene.

[0045] Foam layer inside inventive supporting layer stacks may be of a suitable thickness that provides the requisite mechanical support to solar cells within a solar module. In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, thickness of foam layer inside inventive supporting layer stacks is between about 3 mm and about 25 mm. In one example, the foam layer's thickness is between 1 mm and about 5 mm. In preferred embodiments of the present invention, however, the foam layer's thickness is between about 4 mm and about 12 mm. Similarly, in a more preferred embodiment of the present invention, foam layer's thickness is between about 5 mm and about 10 mm.

[0046] The density of foam layer in inventive supporting layer stacks may be any value that provides the solar module with the requisite strength to withstand any undue external force. The foam layer density may be a value that is between about 25 kg/m.sup.3 and about 300 kg/m.sup.3, is more preferably a value between about 75 kg/m.sup.3 and about 250 kg/m3, and is most preferably a value that is between about 100 kg/m.sup.3 and about 200 kg/m.sup.3.

[0047] In certain embodiments of the present invention, it is desirable to have a foam layer that has sufficient load bearing properties that it can provide the rigidity and shear strength needed to address the static and dynamic forces that the solar module will see in application. To this end, a measurement of compression strength value of a foam layer in the inventive supporting layer stacks may be deemed relevant by those skilled in the art. In those instances when this value is so deemed, compression strength value of the inventive foam layers is preferably between about 0.6 MPa and about 7.5 MPa, is more preferably between about 1.0 MPa and about 3.5 MPa, and is most preferably between about 1.4 MPa and about 2.5 MPa. In other instances, those skilled in the art may deem a compression modulus value as an important measure of foam layer strength. In such instances, a compression modulus value of the inventive foam layers is between about 40 MPa and about 400 MPa, is preferably between about 75 MPa and about 200 MPa, and is more preferably between about 100 MPa and about 180 MPa.

[0048] With respect to a shear strength value for the inventive foam layers, an acceptable range is between about 0.4 MPa and about 4.5 MPa. Preferably, however, the shear strength value is between about 0.6 MPa and about 3.0 MPa, and more preferably is between about 0.8 MPA and about 1.6 MPa. To the extent a shear modulus value or a shear strength value associated with the inventive foam layers is deemed relevant, the present invention contemplates a relatively wide range of measurements. By way of example, a shear modulus value for the inventive foam layers is between about 10 MPa and about 100 MPa, is preferably between about 20 MPa and about 75 MPa, and is more preferably between about 30 MPa and about 60 MPa.

[0049] Skin layer, in addition to or instead of providing mechanical strength to the supporting layer stack, may serve to provide the solar cell protection from environmental elements. In certain other embodiments of the present invention, the skin layer provides dielectric strength to the supporting layer stack sub-assembly. Representative materials used for making a skin layer includes at least one material selected from a group consisting of polyvinyl fluoride, polymer of tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene fluoride, vinylidene fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene co-polymer, ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyamide-12, polyamide-11, polymethylmethacralate, polycarbonate, polybutylene terephthalate, aluminum, stainless steel, galvanized steel, titanium, copper, molybdenum, polyethylene resin with glass fiber and polypropylene resin with glass fiber.

[0050] In the inventive supporting layer stacks, a skin layer having different physical or chemical properties offers protection from a wide range of environmental elements. Examples of important properties include: mechanical strength, UV resistance, thermal stability, hydrolytic stability, flammability, oxygen transmission rate and moisture vapor transmission rate. In addition to a foam layer of appropriate thickness, an appropriately thick skin layer also contributes to the mechanical strength of the inventive supporting layer stacks, which support solar cells within the solar module. The thickness of one or more skin layers, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, in the inventive supporting layer stacks is between about 0.025 mm and about 3.0 mm, is preferably between about 0.100 mm and about 1.0 mm, and is most preferably between about 0.175 mm and about 0.500 mm.

[0051] Prolonged exposure to UV radiation degrades polymer physical and optical properties. Consequently, it is desirable that the inventive supporting layer stacks maintain and provide resistance to such radiation. To this end, one or more skin layers in the inventive supporting layer stacks preferably are 100% opaque to UV radiation between 300 and 400 nm wavelengths, and maintain no less than 80% of their original mechanical and optical properties after 10,000 hours of exposure to 0.35 Watt/m.sup.2 of UV radiation at temperatures between 42 C. and 63 C. with an intermittent water spray. Permeating moisture vapor through the skin layer can impact the performance and lifetime of the solar cell, foam and encapsulant and is preferably reduced to a level that allows for long lifetimes and high performance of the materials used throughout the solar module. A value for moisture vapor transmission resistance of a skin layer in the inventive supporting layer stacks of the present invention may be less than about 0.05 gm/m.sup.2/day, is more preferably a value less than about 0.005 gm/m.sup.2/day, and is most preferred a value less than about 0.0005 gm/m.sup.2/day.

[0052] In those embodiments where one or more skin layers provide dielectric strength to a supporting layer stack sub-assembly, a dielectric strength of each skin layer is sufficiently high to result in a partial discharge voltage level that is between about 750 volts and about 1,200 volts. In one preferred embodiment of the present invention, one skin layer, which includes aluminum or another electrically conductive metal, is disposed farthest from the solar cells (e.g., skin layer 118 of FIG. 2) and designed to offer protection from the environmental elements. In this embodiment, another skin layer, which includes polyester and metal, is disposed proximate to the solar cells (e.g., skin layer 110 of FIG. 2) to offer the requisite dielectric strength.

[0053] In those embodiments (e.g., FIGS. 2, 3 and 4) of the inventive supporting layer stacks where an adhesive layer (e.g., adhesive layers 112 and 116 of FIG. 2) is disposed between the foam layer and one or more skin layers to bond the two layers, the adhesive layer may include any effective adhesive that effectively performs the bonding function. In one embodiment of the present invention, an adhesive layer includes a material selected from a group consisting of ethylene vinyl acetate, polyurethane, silicone, polyvinylbutyral, polyolefin, ionomer, epoxy, butyl rubber-based adhesive and vinyl-phenolic. Such adhesive layers may in some instances include filler materials that provide strength to the layer. Such filler materials include, for example, glass spheres, silica and nanocrystalline cellulose.

[0054] Inventive supporting layer stacks are not limited to use with any particular type of solar cell. Rather, inventive supporting layer stacks may be employed with a wide variety of solar cells in a solar module. Representative solar cells include polycrystalline silicon, monocrystalline silicon, cadmium telluride, copper indium gallium diselenide, amorphous single junction silicon, amorphous and polycrystalline double junction silicone, crystalline silicon, gallium arsenide and copper zinc tin sulfide.

[0055] The present invention also offers novel processes for manufacturing inventive supporting layer stacks and inventive solar modules that incorporate the supporting layer stacks (e.g., one of supporting layer stacks 120 of FIG. 2, 220 of FIG. 3 and 320 of FIG. 4). FIG. 6 shows a flow chart of a process 500, according to one embodiment of the invention, for fabricating a supporting layer stack (e.g., one of supporting layer stacks 120 of FIG. 2, 220 of FIG. 3 and 320 of FIG. 4). Process 500 preferably begins with a step 502, which includes obtaining a rigid foam layer (e.g., one of foam layers 114 of FIG. 2, 214 of FIG. 3 and 314 of FIG. 4). As mentioned above, the foam layer is capable of mechanically supporting one or more solar cells.

[0056] Next, a step 504 includes obtaining one or more skin layers (e.g., one of skin layers 110 and 118 of FIG. 2, 210 and 218 of FIG. 3 and 318 of FIG. 4). Continuing with FIG. 6, an adhesive (e.g., at least one of adhesive layers 112 and 116 of FIG. 2, 212 and 216 of FIG. 3 and 316 of FIG. 4 and that may be in the form of a discrete layer) is applied in a step 506 between the foam layer and one or more of the skin layers to form an inventive layer stack. Although step 504 of FIG. 6 requires at least one skin layer to be substantially impervious to moisture or thermal energy, the present invention is not so limited. A skin layer of the present invention is not limited to any particular property, and may have any one or a combination of the different properties described herein.

[0057] Those skilled in the art will recognize that steps 502, 504 and 506 need not be performed in any particular order and that the sequence of steps presented in FIG. 5 is one exemplar sequence of assembling the inventive supporting layer stacks. By way of example, after step 502, step 506 is performed to produce a foam layer with adhesive thereon. Next, step 504 is carried out to affix the skin layer to the foam layer and form an inventive supporting layer stack.

[0058] Not only are the inventive processes not limited to a particular sequence, but they are not limited to effecting adhesion by using an adhesive layer as shown in the inventive supporting layer stack of FIG. 5. To this end, the present invention offers a process 600, according to another embodiment of the present invention, for fabricating a supporting layer stack (e.g. supporting layer stack 420 of FIG. 5). Process 600 preferably begins in a step 602, which includes obtaining a rigid foam layer. Step 602 is the same as or substantially similar to step 502 of FIG. 5. Next, process 600 proceeds to a step 604, which includes obtaining one or more skin layers and is the same as or substantially similar to step 504 of FIG. 5.

[0059] Then, a step 606 is carried out. Step 606 includes heating the foam layer and/or one or more of the skin layers to or substantially near the melting point of the foam layer or any one of the skin layers to produce a heated foam layer and/or at least one heated skin layer.

[0060] In step 606, it does not matter which of the heated layers is melted, so long as any one of them is melted to an extent that permits effective bonding between the foam and the skin layer(s). In one embodiment of the present invention, the foam core and/or one or more skin layers are heated to a temperature that is about 200 C. The foam and/or one or more of the skin layers are, however, preferably heated to about 220 C., and more preferably heated to above about 230 C.

[0061] Step 606 is not limited to any particular heat treatment method. In certain preferred embodiments of the present invention, the foam layer and/or one or more of the skin layers is heated by one method selected from the group consisting of a conventional thermal oven in conjunction with a vacuum bag, an infrared oven accompanied by pinch rollers, a microwave oven press, a flame treatment, heated pinch rollers, hydraulic and heated press, autoclave, heated vacuum bag and a flatbed laminator with both continuous and heated metal belts. Process 600 includes a step 608, which involves applying pressure to bond the heated foam layer and one or more of the heated skin layers to form the inventive supporting layer stacks. There is no particular pressure requirement in step 608 so long as bonding of appropriate strength is accomplished. A pressure applied to the heated foam layer and one or more of the heated skin layers is between about 0 lbs/in.sup.2 and about 50 lbs/in.sup.2, is more preferably between about 12 lbs/in.sup.2 and about 40 lbs/in.sup.2, and is most preferably between about 15 lbs/in.sup.2 and about 30 lbs/in.sup.2. At this stage an inventive supporting layer stack similar to the one shown in FIG. 5 is formed. To ensure foam core and one or more skins are fully bonded, however, continuous pressure is preferably applied to the supporting layer stack for a duration of about 10 minutes. Shorter durations of applied pressure may also work well. By of example, durations that range between about 2 minutes to about 5 minutes produce an effectively bonded supporting layer stack.

[0062] Regardless of which method is used to manufacture the inventive supporting layer stacks, conventional or non-conventional cover sheet and solar cell layers may be added, according to well-known techniques, to the supporting layer stacks of the present invention and form inventive solar modules (e.g., one of solar modules 100 of FIG. 2, 200 of FIG. 3, 300 of FIG. 4 and 400 of FIG. 5). As a result, the present invention also offers inventive solar module fabricating processes which incorporate process 500 or FIG. 6 or process 600 of FIG. 7.

[0063] Inventive solar modules and supporting layer stacks and the novel processes for manufacturing thereof offer several advantages over their conventional counterparts. By way of example, by not using a glass cover sheet and significantly reducing the weight of the solar module or the supporting layer stack, the present invention realizes savings in manufacturing, packaging, transportation and installation costs. The total weight of the inventive solar module may be between about 4.0 kg and about 10.0 kg, is preferably between about 4.5 kg and about 7.0 kg and is more preferably between about 5.0 kg and about 6.0 kg. Light weight solar modules also lend themselves to easy transportation. As a result, large quantities of inventive solar modules may be shipped in a fixed volume of a shipping container. Furthermore, light weight inventive solar modules do not place a heavy load on a roof and support mounts.

[0064] Substantial cost savings associated with manufacturing, packaging, transportation and installation are also realized by the reduced thickness of the inventive supporting layer stacks. By way of example, a thickness of inventive solar modules may be between about 4 mm and about 25 mm, is more preferably between about 5.0 mm and about 15 mm, and is most preferably between about 6.0 mm and about 10.0 mm.

[0065] Moreover, in the absence of glass, inventive designs of solar modules and supporting layer stacks obviate the need for measures taken for fragile handling, including secure packaging, during transportation and installation. Reduced weight and thickness and in the absence of a fragile component of the inventive solar modules all translate into various cost savings, making solar energy a more commercially viable alternative energy solution.

[0066] Although illustrative embodiments of this invention have been shown and described, other modifications, changes, and substitutions are intended. By way of example, the present invention discloses heat bonding a foam layer and at least one skin layer without using any adhesive, other conventional layers in the solar module may be similarly bonded. Accordingly, it is appropriate that the appended claims be construed broadly and in a manner consistent with the scope of the disclosure, as set forth in the following claims.