An air-cooled V-type engine includes a crankcase, a cooling fan disposed at the front end of a crankshaft, a fan casing housing the cooling fan, a pair of cylinders projecting to form a V shape from the crankcase as seen in a direction along an axial center of the crankshaft, and cylinder heads. A distributor for distributing supply fuel from a fuel supply apparatus to intake air passages of respective cylinders is disposed to straddle a contained angle place being a place between the cylinders forming the V shape. Ignition coils respectively corresponding to the cylinders are mounted on the distributor. The distributor is mounted on an air cleaner supporting plate disposed at the contained angle place.

A throttle body fuel injection system and method that is arranged to easily replace four-barrel carburetors includes a throttle body assembly with four main bores, each with a throttle plate and an associated fuel injector. Each injector feeds fuel into a circular fuel distribution ring via a fuel injection conduit, which introduces pressurized fuel into the air stream. The fuel distribution rings and bores have profiles that avoid constrictions for to prevent low pressure zones according to the Venturi effect. Fuel is injected through downward-facing outlets at or near the bottom end of the rings. The fuel injection rings are two-piece, each formed of an insert pressed into an outer housing. The insert includes axial grooves intervaled about its exterior circumference of insert that are joined by a circumferential groove formed about the insert. The grooves are in fluid communication with a conduit that supplies fuel from a fuel injector.

For an optimized metering of fuel and water for the operation of an internal combustion engine in which a direct injection and an intake manifold injection are provided for metering fuel into the internal combustion engine, and in which the internal combustion engine is assigned a system for water injection, a same intake manifold injector is used for both water and fuel injection.

An electrolysis system may include a pressure-resistant assembly. The pressure-resistant assembly may include a first defined space configured to at least partially immerse a plurality of electrolysis plates in an aqueous solution. The pressure-resistant assembly may further include a second defined space configured to contain an enhancement gas or a component of the enhancement gas. The enhancement gas or the component of the enhancement gas may be generated in the first defined space. A volume of the second defined space may be in the range of 80-120% of a volume of the first defined space.

A family of manifolds for a family of engines. A first and second engine respectively have a first and second number of cylinders. The second number is at least one and smaller than the first number. Each manifold has a plenum chamber and an inlet. The first and second manifolds respectively have the first and second number of outlets, each connected to one of a first number of runner passages. The first manifold is manufactured by inserting an outlet insert for forming at least one of the first number of outlets into a first or second mold, forming a first portion thereof using the first mold, forming a second portion thereof using the second mold, and connecting the portions. The second manifold is manufactured by forming a first portion thereof using the first mold, forming a second portion thereof using the second mold, and connecting the portions.

A throttle body fuel injection system including a throttle body with at least one air intake, a fuel injector coupled to the throttle body at a fuel port and an annular ring coupled to the cylindrical inner wall of the air intake. The annular ring includes a primary fuel discharge orifice adjacent to the fuel port and a plurality of secondary fuel discharge orifices arranged radially around the annular ring for spraying atomized fuel into the air intake.

An engine control apparatus controls includes a cleaning mode to clean a deposit generated in an intake system of an engine. The engine control apparatus includes a generation source calculator, a deposit calculator, and a mode controller. The generation source calculator is configured to calculate an attached generation source amount on the basis of a temperature of the intake system. The attached generation source amount is an amount of a generation source, of the deposit, attached to the intake system. The deposit calculator is configured to calculate an attached deposit amount that is an amount of the deposit attached to the intake system, on the basis of the attached generation source amount and the temperature of the intake system. The mode controller is configured to execute the cleaning mode, when the attached deposit amount is greater than an execution threshold.

A supplemental fuel system includes a supplemental fuel tank, an electronic valve, a temperature sensor, and a controller. The supplemental fuel tank is configured to store a supplemental fuel configured to supplement a primary fuel used by an engine. The electronic valve is configured to be positioned between the supplemental fuel tank and an air supply system for the engine. The temperature sensor is configured to acquire temperature data regarding a temperature of the engine. The controller is configured to control the electronic valve such that the electronic valve is (i) closed to prevent the supplemental fuel from being provided to the air supply system in response to the temperature being less than a temperature threshold and (ii) open or openable to permit the supplemental fuel to be provided to the air supply system in response to the temperature being greater than the temperature threshold.

A fuel injection system includes a first injection valve, a second injection valve, a communication pipe, and an ECU. The communication pipe makes a second passage of the second injection valve and a back pressure chamber of the first injection valve communicate with each other. The ECU controls an electric actuator of the second injection valve so as to switch first injection control and second injection control according to the required injection amount. In the first injection control, a second valve body is opened for a predetermined time or more so that back pressure lowers to the pressure of opening a first valve body. In the second injection control, the second valve body is opened for less than the predetermined time so that the back pressure does not lower to the pressure of opening the first valve body.

An engine controller, for an internal combustion engine, is configured to: control at least one actuator to provide an air-fuel mixture with a lambda value higher than 3 to a main combustion chamber via at least one intake valve, wherein the at least one actuator is arranged upstream of at least one intake port or which is arranged in the intake port; control at least one fuel supply system to provide fuel directly to the main combustion chamber and/or a pre-combustion chamber of a piston-cylinder unit such that at the time of ignition of the air-fuel mixture the lambda value of that air-fuel mixture in the main combustion chamber is lower than the lambda value of the air-fuel mixture provided to the main combustion chamber via the at least one intake valve.