Electrochemical cells and methods for their production are provided. In particular, multi-well assay plates including multi-electrode wells are provided. The multi-electrode wells contain multiple electrodes that are electrically isolated from one another, permitting the various electrodes of the various wells to be addressed in any suitable combination.

The present disclosure relates to an electrochemical sensor including: a substrate: a plurality of working electrodes formed on the substrate; and a single reference electrode formed on the substrate, wherein a separation distance between the single reference electrode and the plurality of working electrodes formed around the reference electrode satisfies Equation 1 below, and a method for manufacturing the same.

[00001]$\text{50}\mu \text{}\text{m}\le \text{Distance between the electrodes}\le \text{5}\text{mm}$

The present disclosure relates to an electrochemical sensor including: a substrate: a plurality of working electrodes formed on the substrate; and a single reference electrode formed on the substrate, wherein a separation distance between the single reference electrode and the plurality of working electrodes formed around the reference electrode satisfies Equation 1 below, and a method for manufacturing the same.

[00001]$\text{50}\mu \text{}\text{m}\le \text{Distance between the electrodes}\le \text{5}\text{mm}$

The invention relates to a system for detecting one or more analytes in a sample. The system comprises a probe for insertion into the sample, the probe having a first electrochemical sensor configured to detect a first analyte in the sample, and a second electrochemical sensor configured to detect a second analyte in the sample. A first potentiostat is connected to the first electrochemical sensor and configured to perform a first electrochemical measurement with the first electrochemical sensor. Additionally, a second potentiostat is connected to the second electrochemical sensor and configured to perform a second electrochemical measurement with the second electrochemical sensor. The first potentiostat and the second potentiostat are electrically isolated from one another.

The invention relates to a system for detecting one or more analytes in a sample. The system comprises a probe for insertion into the sample, the probe having a first electrochemical sensor configured to detect a first analyte in the sample, and a second electrochemical sensor configured to detect a second analyte in the sample. A first potentiostat is connected to the first electrochemical sensor and configured to perform a first electrochemical measurement with the first electrochemical sensor. Additionally, a second potentiostat is connected to the second electrochemical sensor and configured to perform a second electrochemical measurement with the second electrochemical sensor. The first potentiostat and the second potentiostat are electrically isolated from one another.

The present disclosure is drawn to microfluidic nanopore sensing devices. The microfluidic nanopore sensing device can include a common electrolyte chamber; a discrete electrolyte chamber separated from the common electrolyte chamber by a nanopore opening therebetween; and an electrical circuit including multiple electrodes, where the common electrolyte chamber is electrically associated with a first electrode to provide a first polarity and the discrete electrolyte chamber is electrically associated with a second electrode to provide a second polarity that is opposite the first polarity. The device can also include an inlet channel fluidly coupled to the discrete electrolyte chamber via an inlet port and an outlet channel separated from the inlet channel that is also fluidly coupled to the discrete electrolyte chamber by an outlet port. In this example, the inlet channel can be fluidly coupled to a second discrete electrolyte chamber via a second inlet port.

The present disclosure is drawn to microfluidic nanopore sensing devices. The microfluidic nanopore sensing device can include a common electrolyte chamber; a discrete electrolyte chamber separated from the common electrolyte chamber by a nanopore opening therebetween; and an electrical circuit including multiple electrodes, where the common electrolyte chamber is electrically associated with a first electrode to provide a first polarity and the discrete electrolyte chamber is electrically associated with a second electrode to provide a second polarity that is opposite the first polarity. The device can also include an inlet channel fluidly coupled to the discrete electrolyte chamber via an inlet port and an outlet channel separated from the inlet channel that is also fluidly coupled to the discrete electrolyte chamber by an outlet port. In this example, the inlet channel can be fluidly coupled to a second discrete electrolyte chamber via a second inlet port.

An electrochemical microsensor comprising an array of working microelectrodes, the working microelectrodes include: one or more bare microelectrodes; one or more thick film-coated microelectrodes, optionally with conductive additive incorporated into the coating, selected from the group consisting of polysaccharide-coated microelectrodes and platinum black-coated microelectrodes; one or more thin film-coated microelectrodes selected from the group consisting of reduced graphene oxide-coated microelectrode and transition metal chalcogenide-coated microelectrodes; wherein the electrochemical microsensor further comprises a counter electrode and optionally one or more reference microelectrode(s).

The present application relates to a sensing method that is carried out using an electrode that comprises an electrode substrate functionalised with sensing elements. The method involves conducting electrochemical impedance spectroscopy at a plurality of applied voltages and then integrating measurement data as a function of voltage. Also provided is an apparatus for carrying out the sensing method. The method and apparatus are suitable for a broad range of sensing applications, including the detection of diagnostic biomarkers, drug screening, development of glycoarray systems and the sensing of environmental parameters such as light intensity, temperature and humidity.

The present application relates to a sensing method that is carried out using an electrode that comprises an electrode substrate functionalised with sensing elements. The method involves conducting electrochemical impedance spectroscopy at a plurality of applied voltages and then integrating measurement data as a function of voltage. Also provided is an apparatus for carrying out the sensing method. The method and apparatus are suitable for a broad range of sensing applications, including the detection of diagnostic biomarkers, drug screening, development of glycoarray systems and the sensing of environmental parameters such as light intensity, temperature and humidity.