A fully or partially implantable analyte sensor for continuously monitoring analyte concentration in a body fluid has a substrate with a first surface configured to face towards the body fluid. The sensor has a working electrode and an interferent electrode. The interferent electrode and the working electrode are electrically separated layers located adjacently on the first surface. The sensor has a further electrode, the further electrode being a counter electrode, a reference electrode or a counter/reference electrode. The working electrode and the interferent electrode each have a layer of a conductive material. The working electrode has an enzyme whereas the interferent electrode is devoid of enzyme. A method for producing the fully or partially implantable analyte sensor for continuously monitoring analyte concentration in a body fluid is also disclosed.

A process of making sensors and sensor arrays that has the ability to manipulate of the morphology or flow of an applied drop or sample over the sensor array surface at any point in the patterning process and sensors and sensor arrays having increased sensitivity and limits of detection. In addition, said process can provided real time notification of any centerline deviation. Such production process can be adjusted in real time. Thus, large numbers of units can be made—even in millions of per day—with few if any out of specification units being produced. Such process does not require large-scale clean rooms and is easily configurable.

The invention relates to a microarray structure that may include a substrate material layer, a continuous three-dimensional (3D) surface layer on the substrate material layer that is capable of functionalisation for use as an array, and an inert material. The structure may include accurately defined and functionalisable isolated areas which are millimeter to nanometer in size. The functionalisable areas may be part of the continuous 3D surface layer and may be isolated by the inert material but interconnected within the structure by the continuous 3D surface layer.

A biosensor detector device is disclosed suitable for use in measuring membrane fluidity or membrane permeability. The biosensor detector device is formed of a solid substrate having a lipid bilayer compatible surface, a multi-lamellar lipid membrane structure derived from a biological cell and localized on the lipid bilayer compatible surface, an aqueous layer interposed between each lipid bilayer of the multi-lamellar lipid membrane structure. The biological membrane is derived from human red blood cells and localized on the lipid bilayer compatible surface. An electrode forming all or part of the lipid bilayer compatible surface may be used to detect disruptions in the multi-lamellar lipid membrane structure and hemolytic activity in a test sample.

Briefly, a sensor for a continuous biological monitor is provided for measuring the level of a target analyte for a patient. The sensor has a working wire and a reference wire, where the working wire has an analyte limiting layer that passes more than 1 in 1000 analyte molecules from the patient to the an enzyme layer. The enzyme layer has an enzyme entrapped in a polyurethane cross-linked with acrylic polyol. As free electrons are generated, a conductor transfers the electrons to the biological monitor. In some cases, the sensor may be constructed without the use of any expensive platinum.

The invention relates to a method for sensing target molecules in an analyte solution, a sensor for sensing target molecules in an analyte solution and a measurement system for sensing target molecules in an analyte solution. The method comprises providing a capture surface, wherein a plurality of capture molecules are arranged on the capture surface, each of the capture molecules being configured to bind to at least one of said target molecules. The method further comprises exposing the capture surface to the analyte solution to allow target molecules to bind to the capture molecules arranged on the capture surface. The capture surface is then exposed to a solution containing detection molecules, wherein each of the detection molecules contains an electrochemically active nanoparticle and is configured to bind to one of said target molecules bound to a capture molecule, thereby allowing said electrochemically active nanoparticles to bind to the capture surface through formation of a bond between the respective detection molecule comprising said nanoparticle and one of said target molecules bound to one of said capture molecules arranged on the capture surface. The method further comprises releasing nanoparticles that are bound to the capture surface and, after releasing said nanoparticles from the capture surface, determining an electrical signal at a detection electrode caused by electrochemical reactions of said nanoparticles released from the capture surface.

The present invention provides a sensor for detecting a bioanalyte, comprising: a substrate; a pair of terminal electrodes disposed on the substrate in mutually spaced apart and opposing relation; and a non-insulating sensing element applied to a surface of the substrate, between and in electrical contact with the pair of terminal electrodes wherein the sensing element provides a conduction path between the terminal electrodes, wherein the sensing element comprises an oxygen-deficient metal oxide layer and a bioanalyte binding site, and wherein when a voltage is applied across the sensor, an electrical signal is generated that is proportional to a change in conductance of the sensing element corresponding to binding of a bioanalyte to the bioanalyte binding site.

Various aspects of the present disclosure provide methods, apparatus and systems for single-molecule biosensors having nanowire or nanoribbon bridges between electrodes for sequencing and information storage and reading. In various embodiments, the present disclosure provides nanofabrication of biomolecular sensing devices beginning with parallel arrangements of transferable nanowires or nanoribbons, and provides in general methods of manufacturing biosensor devices for sequencing DNA or RNA and analyzing biomolecules.

Nanostructured microelectrodes and biosensing devices incorporating the same are disclosed herein.

Methods for detecting polynucleotides, especially the DNA replicated from samples obtained from subjects infected with pathogenic viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus, by detecting electromagnetic signals (“EMS”) emitted by such polynucleotides, and methods for improving the sensitivity of the polymerase chain reaction (“PCR”).