The present invention provides specific peptide biomarkers and sets of peptide biomarkers for use in methods of detecting or identifying bacterial biomarkers in a sample, wherein said bacterial biomarkers can be used to detect Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, and/or Moraxella catarrhalis in a sample. Kits and diagnostic methods are also provided.

The invention provides anti-CaENO1 antibodies and humanized antibodies as effective diagnostic agent or therapeutic treatment against infections caused by Candida spp. (preferably Candida. albicans, Candida tropicalis), fluconazole resistance Candida spp., Streptococcus, or Staphylococcus.

Provided is a method of treating or preventing pneumococcal disease. Also provided is a method of diagnosing pneumococcal disease.

An object of the present invention is to provide a technique capable of further increasing the absolute detection value and/or the ratio of the detection value to a reference in a pneumococcal antibody sample evaluation test, or a technique capable of evaluating pneumococcal antibody samples against a wider variety of pneumococcal strains.

The object is achieved by a medium for preparing a pneumococcal sample for use in a pneumococcal antibody sample evaluation test, the medium containing a solid medium,

Apparatuses for sampling mucous from within a sinus to determine if a single sample includes one or more bacterial types indicating bacterial sinusitis comprising an indicator to guide the angle at which a user inserts the apparatus relative to the patient.

The method according to the invention enables the confirmation of infections/carriage caused by Streptococcus agalactiae bacterial species. The method employs a specific reaction of selected epitopes that are part of immunoreactive proteins of clinical isolates of Streptococcus agalactiae with antibodies present in the serum.

The present invention provides compositions and methods that can be used to determine a peptide signature for an antibody repertoire in a sample comprising multiple antibodies. The of an antibody specificity in method can be used to characterize a phenotype in a sample, such as providing a diagnosis, prognosis or theranosis of a medical condition.

A serological detection system and a serological method of detecting a specific immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype against a target antigen in a sample, the serological detection system comprising: (a) a first probe having a first tag, the first probe having general binding affinity for all Ig having the same isotype as the specific Ig isotype in the sample, (b) a second probe having a second tag, the second probe being the target antigen of the specific Ig isotype in the sample, (c) a third tag, the third tag having binding affinity for the first tag and for the second tag so as to form a reporter complex in the presence of the specific IgG antibodies, and (d) a suitable substrate that generates an optically detectable signal in the presence of the reporter complex. In aspects, the serological detection system and the serological method are quantifiable.

The instant invention provides various formulations comprising combinations of immunostimulating oligonucleotides, polycationic carriers, sterols, saponins, quaternary amines, TLR-3 agonists, glycolipids, and MPL-A or analogs thereof in oil emulsions, use thereof in preparations of immunogenic compositions and vaccines, and use thereof in the treatment of animals.

The present invention provides compositions and methods that can be used to determine a peptide signature for an antibody repertoire in a sample comprising multiple antibodies. The method can be used to characterize a phenotype in a sample, such as providing a diagnosis, prognosis or theranosis of a medical condition.