An example of a flow cell includes a substrate; a first primer set attached to a first region on the substrate, the first primer set including an un-cleavable first primer and a cleavable second primer; and a second primer set attached to a second region on the substrate, the second primer set including a cleavable first primer and an un-cleavable second primer.

Embodiments of the present application relate to substrate comprising a surface-bound azido functionalized organosilane wherein the substrate is free or substantially free of a hydrogel or a hydrophilic polymer. Methods of preparing such substrate surface for sequencing applications are also disclosed.

Methods and devices are provided herein for surfaces for de novo nucleic acid synthesis which provide for low error rates. In addition, methods and devices are provided herein for increased nucleic acid mass yield resulting from de novo nucleic acid synthesis.

De novo synthesized large libraries of nucleic acids are provided herein with low error rates. Further, devices for the manufacturing of high-quality building blocks, such as oligonucleotides, are described herein. Longer nucleic acids can be synthesized in parallel using microfluidic assemblies. Further, methods herein allow for the fast construction of large libraries of long, high-quality genes. Devices for the manufacturing of large libraries of long and high-quality nucleic acids are further described herein.

The invention provides an amphiphilic coating for the direct and rapid synthesis of an array of peptides and small molecular compounds on a planar surface of a solid support, comprising a hydrophilic chemical structure and a lipophilic group, wherein said peptides and small molecular compounds differ from spot to spot from each other in the chemical structure, characterized in that said amphiphilic coating possesses low wettability to polar aprotic solvents used in the array synthesis; said amphiphilic coating possessing low wettability is designed that it can be converted to a coating possessing high wettability by hydrolysis of the lipophilic group; and said amphiphilic coating comprises an amino group for the reaction with an electrophilic reagent. The invention further provides a solid support comprising said amphiphilic coating and a method for method for the direct and rapid synthesis of an array of peptides and small molecular compounds on a planar surface of a solid support, wherein said planar surface of a solid support comprises said amphiphilic coating. Said method includes the enhancing of the wettability of a glass surface to organic solvents to realize automated on-demand biomolecular array synthesis comprising both, peptides and small molecular compounds. The amphiphilic surface can be switched to a hydrophilic surface, resulting in high density arrays suitable for protein- and cell-based screening.

A radiosynthesis system is disclosed that leverages droplet microfluidic radiosynthesis and its inherent advantages including reduction of reagent consumption and the ability to achieve high molar activity even when using low starting radioactivity. The radiosynthesis system enables the parallel synthesis of radiolabeled compounds using droplet-sized reaction volumes. In some embodiments, a single heater is used to create multiple reaction or synthesis sites. In other embodiments, separate heaters are used to create independently-controlled heating conditions at the multiple reaction or synthesis sites. In one embodiment, a four-heater setup was developed that utilizes a multi-reaction microfluidic chip and was assessed for the suitability with high-throughput radiosynthesis optimization. Replicates of several radiochemical operations including the full synthesis of various PET tracers revealed the platform to have high repeatability (e.g., consistent fluorination efficiency). The system may also be used for synthesis optimization.

In an example of a method for making a flow cell, a light sensitive material is deposited over a resin layer including depressions separated by interstitial regions, wherein the depressions overlie a first resin portion having a first thickness and the interstitial regions overlie a second resin portion having a second thickness that is greater than the first thickness. A predetermined ultraviolet light dosage that is based on the first and second thicknesses is directed through the resin layer, whereby the light sensitive material overlying the depressions is exposed to ultraviolet light and the second resin portion absorbs the ultraviolet light, thereby defining an altered light sensitive material at a first predetermined region over the resin layer. The altered light sensitive material is utilized to generate a functionalized layer at the first predetermined region or at a second predetermined region over the resin layer.

A nano-structured ceramic film with controlled pore size for the high throughput synthesis of oligonucleotides (DNA and RNA). The film can be cut into chips of predetermined size, and code printed for optical recognition in automated DNA synthesizers. The chips are easily activated under very mild conditions and silanization proceeds uniformly to allow reagents to flow unhindered through its open pores. Mono layer modifications, such as covalently bound silane coupling agents, allows for the addition of universal linkers and improved yields compared to conventional approaches.

An apparatus for biological reactions is provided. The apparatus includes a substrate and a plurality of reaction sites within the substrate. A surface of the substrate is configured to have a first hydrophilicity and each surface of the plurality of reaction sites is configured to have a second hydrophilicity to load a substantial number of reaction sites with a sample volume. The sample volume of each loaded reaction site is substantially confined to its respective reaction site. The sample volume is configured to undergo a biological reaction within the reaction site.

An apparatus for biological reactions is provided. The apparatus includes a substrate and a plurality of reaction sites within the substrate. A surface of the substrate is configured to have a first hydrophilicity and each surface of the plurality of reaction sites is configured to have a second hydrophilicity to load a substantial number of reaction sites with a sample volume. The sample volume of each loaded reaction site is substantially confined to its respective reaction site. The sample volume is configured to undergo a biological reaction within the reaction site.