A Hydro Disambiguative Catalytic Donor Recombination process and apparatus that uses Water, Sunlight (for energy) and any Organic liquid carbon donor source (Plant (vegetable oils) and Animal Fat (fortified butter or ghee) to produce flammable fuel consisting of C.sub.1 to C.sub.8 Hydrocarbons, and we call this gas as Organic Petroleum Gas (NPG), which has the same composition as a petroleum gas obtained from fossil source.

A process of producing a hydrocracking product in a slurry hydrocracking reactor. A pyrolysis oil, a hydrocarbon feedstock, and a hydrocracking catalyst is provided. The pyrolysis oil is combined with the hydrocarbon feedstock and the hydrocracking catalyst, the pyrolysis oil being maintained at a temperature of less than 100° C. until the pyrolysis oil contacts both the hydrocarbon feedstock and the hydrocracking catalyst. The hydrocarbon feedstock and the pyrolysis oil are hydrocracked in the slurry hydrocracking reactor in the presence of the hydrocracking catalyst and hydrogen gas. A fuel precursor obtainable by the process.

Provided is a conversion process for an inferior oil, relating to the field of biomass utilization, energy and chemical industry. The conversion process is carried out in presence of a catalyst selected from the group consisting of an iron oxide compound, a desulfurization waste agent resulting from use of an iron oxide compound as desulfurizer, and a regeneration product of the desulfurization waste agent, under a controlled molar ratio of iron element to sulfur element. It is found that free radical condensation polymerization of inferior oil during cracking process can be blocked effectively by using carbonylation, and hydrogenation is achieved with active hydrogen produced from the conversion of CO and water. In the conversion process, inferior oil can be, directly converted, thereby increasing liquefaction yield and calorific value of the obtained oils. No large amount of waste water is generated after completion of the conversion.

A bifunctional catalyst for example for conversion of oxygenates, the bifunctional catalyst comprising zeolite, alumina binder, Zn and P, wherein Zn is present at least partly as ZnAl.sub.2O.sub.4.

A method for converting an alcohol to a hydrocarbon fraction reduced in gaseous hydrocarbon content, the method comprising: (i) contacting said alcohol with a metal-loaded zeolite catalyst under conditions suitable for converting said alcohol to a first hydrocarbon fraction containing liquid hydrocarbons having at least five carbon atoms along with gaseous hydrocarbons having less than five carbon atoms, wherein said metal-loaded zeolite catalyst is catalytically active for converting said alcohol to said first hydrocarbon fraction; and (ii) selectively removing said gaseous hydrocarbons from the first hydrocarbon fraction and contacting said gaseous hydrocarbons with a metal-loaded zeolite catalyst under conditions suitable for converting said gaseous hydrocarbons into liquid hydrocarbons having at least five carbon atoms to produce a second hydrocarbon fraction reduced in gaseous hydrocarbon content, wherein the metal-loaded zeolite catalyst in steps (i) and (ii) are the same or different.

A method of reducing a C—O bond to the corresponding C—H bond in a substrate, which could be a benzylic alcohol, allylic alcohol, ester or an ether bond beta to a hydroxyl group or alpha to a carbonyl group using a recyclable metal catalyst system. The recyclable catalyst system is also applicable to reducing a C═O bond to the corresponding C—OH bond and then C—H bond. These methodologies can be linked in one-pot to selective oxidation and depolymerizations of aromatic polyols such as lignin.

A method for converting cedarwood oil into high density fuels including, hydrogenating cedarwood oil in the presence of at least one hydrogenation catalyst to generate hydrogenated cedarwood oil, removing the hydrogenation catalyst from the hydrogenated cedarwood oil, purifying the hydrogenated cedarwood oil to produce a first high density fuel, isomerizing the first high density fuel in the presence of at least one acid catalyst catalyst to generate a hydrocarbon mixture including adamantanes, and distilling the adamantane mixture to produce a second alkyl-adamantane high density fuel.

The present disclosure provides a process for preparing a hydrocarbon fuel from waste rubber. The process involves admixing, in a reaction vessel, at least one fluid medium with the waste rubber to obtain a slurry; wherein the concentration of the waste rubber in the slurry ranges from 45% to 70%. A reactor is charged with the slurry and a predetermined amount of at least one catalyst composition to obtain a mixture, followed by introduction of hydrogen to the reactor to attain a predetermined pressure and heating the mixture at a predetermined temperature, to attain an autogenously generated pressure, and for a predetermined time period to obtain a reaction mass comprising the hydrocarbon fuel. This reaction mass comprising the hydrocarbon fuel is then cooled to obtain a cooled reaction mass. The hydrocarbon fuel is then separated from the cooled reaction mass.

A method of obtaining paraffinic hydrocarbons from fat, by an exemplary method, whereby the method is performed in two stages, in a coupled flow-type system, under atmospheric pressure conditions, in the presence of heterogeneous catalysts, after their thermal activation, so that in Stage I the fat and/or waste fat is heated at a temperature range of 100-500° C., in the presence of an inert gas, in the presence of a catalyst in the form of a metal oxide on an oxide support or in the form of a mixture of at least two metal oxides on an oxide support. The product obtained in Stage I is treated, in the presence of an inert gas, at a temperature range of 100-500° C., in the presence of a metallic catalyst on an oxide support, with hydrogen gas or with a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, obtained in the selective decomposition of methanol.

A method is disclosed of purifying a recycled or renewable organic material, wherein the recycled or renewable organic material contains more than 20 ppm Cl. Exemplary methods include (a) providing the recycled or renewable organic material; (b) purifying the organic recycled or renewable organic material to obtain a purified recycled or renewable organic material, and (c) hydrotreating the purified recycled or renewable organic material in a presence of a hydrotreating catalyst at a temperature from 270 to 380° C. under pressure from 4 to 20 MPa and under continuous hydrogen flow; to obtain purified hydrotreated recycled or renewable organic material.