Disclosed herein is a device including at least one photoconductor configured for exhibiting an electrical resistance R.sub.photo dependent on an illumination of a light-sensitive region of the photoconductor; at least one photoconductor readout circuit, where the photoconductor readout circuit is configured for determining a differential voltage related to changes of the electrical resistance R.sub.photo of the photoconductor, where the photoconductor readout circuit includes at least one bias voltage source configured for applying at least one periodically modulated bias voltage to the photoconductor such that the electric output changes its polarity at least once; and at least one electrical circuit configured to balance the differential voltage at a given illumination level.

A receiving device includes a magnetic element having a first ferromagnetic layer, a second ferromagnetic layer, and a spacer layer sandwiched between the first ferromagnetic layer and the second ferromagnetic layer, wherein the first ferromagnetic layer is configured to be irradiated with light containing an optical signal with a change of intensity of the light, and wherein the receiving device is configured to receive the optical signal on a basis of an output voltage from the magnetic element.

Methods, systems, and apparatus, for a stray-light testing station. In one aspect, the stray-light testing station includes an illumination assembly including a spatially extended light source and one or more optical elements arranged to direct a beam of light from the spatially extended light source along an optical path to an optical receiver assembly including a lens receptacle configured to receive a lens module and position the lens module in the optical path downstream from the parabolic mirror so that the lens module focuses the beam of light from the spatially extended light source to an image plane, and a moveable frame supporting the optical receiver assembly including one or more adjustable alignment stages to position the optical receiver assembly relative to the illumination assembly such that the optical path of the illumination assembly is within a field of view of the optical receiver assembly.

A photon detecting component is provided. The photon detecting component includes a first waveguide and a detecting section. The detecting section includes a second waveguide; a detector, optically coupled with the second waveguide, configured to detect one or more photons in the second waveguide; an optical switch configured to provide an optical coupling between the first waveguide and the second waveguide when the detector is operational; and an electrical switch electrically coupled to the detector, wherein the electrical switch is configured to change state in response to the detector detecting one or more photons. The photon detecting component further includes readout circuitry configured to determine a state of the electrical switch of the detecting section.

Disclosed herein is a device including: at least one array of photoconductors, where each photoconductor is configured for exhibiting an electrical resistance dependent on an illumination of its light-sensitive region, where at least one photoconductor of the array is designed as characterizing photoconductor; at least one bias voltage source, where the bias voltage source is configured for applying at least one alternating bias voltage to the characterizing photoconductor or at least one direct current (DC) bias voltage to the characterizing photoconductor; at least one photoconductor readout circuit, where the photoconductor readout circuit is configured for determining of a response voltage of the characterizing photoconductor generated in response to the bias voltage, where the response voltage is proportional to a variable characterizing the array of photoconductors, where the photoconductor readout circuit is configured for determining of the response voltage of the characterizing photoconductor during operation of the array of photoconductors.

Methods, systems, and apparatus, for a stray-light testing station. In one aspect, the stray-light testing station includes an illumination assembly including a spatially extended light source and one or more optical elements arranged to direct a beam of light from the spatially extended light source along an optical path to an optical receiver assembly including a lens receptacle configured to receive a lens module and position the lens module in the optical path downstream from the parabolic mirror so that the lens module focuses the beam of light from the spatially extended light source to an image plane, and a moveable frame supporting the optical receiver assembly including one or more adjustable alignment stages to position the optical receiver assembly relative to the illumination assembly such that the optical path of the illumination assembly is within a field of view of the optical receiver assembly.

Disclosed herein is a device including at least one photoconductor configured for exhibiting an electrical resistance Rphoto dependent on an illumination of a light-sensitive region of the photoconductor; and at least one photoconductor readout circuit, where the photoconductor readout circuit is configured for determining the electrical resistance Rphoto of the photoconductor, where the photoconductor readout circuit includes at least one bias voltage source configured for applying at least one modulated bias voltage to the photoconductor.

A method of resolving a number of photons received by a photon detector includes optically coupling a waveguide to a superconducting wire having alternating narrow and wide portions; electrically coupling the superconducting wire to a current source; and electrically coupling an electrical contact in parallel with the superconducting wire. The electrical contact has a resistance less than a resistance of the superconducting wire while at least one narrow portion of the superconducting wire is in a non-superconducting state. The method includes providing to the superconducting wire, from the current source, a current configured to maintain the superconducting wire in a superconducting state in the absence of incident photons; receiving one or more photons via the waveguide; measuring an electrical property of the superconducting wire, proportional to a number of photons incident on the superconducting wire; and determining the number of received photons based on the electrical property.

A photon detection device according to an aspect of the present invention includes: a superconducting photon detector array in which a plurality of superconducting photon detectors (SPDs) are arranged; a plurality of first transmission lines connected to the plurality of SPDs and configured to transmit a detection current output from each of the plurality of SPDs; an address information generation circuit connected to the plurality of first transmission lines and configured to generate, based on the detection current, an address information signal that specifies a superconducting photon detector from which the detection current is output; a second transmission line magnetically coupled to all of the plurality of first transmission lines; and a time information generation circuit connected to the second transmission line and configured to generate, based on the detection current, a time information signal indicating a time at which a photon is incident on the plurality of superconductive photon detection SPDs.

The present disclosure relates to a device that includes a perovskite nanocrystal (NC) layer, a charge separating layer, an insulating layer, a gate electrode, a cathode, and an anode, where the charge separating layer is positioned between the perovskite NC layer and the insulating layer, the insulating layer is positioned between the charge separating layer and the gate electrode, and the cathode and the anode both electrically contact the charge separating layer and the insulating layer. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the device may be configured to operate as at least one of a photodetector, an optical switching device, and/or a neuromorphic switching device.