A temperature sensor module includes: a sensor unit having a sensing end for measurement of a temperature of a heat source; a heat conduction panel formed of a thermally conductive material and having a temperature measurement region connected to the sensing end and exposed to the heat source, the heat conduction panel collecting heat transferred from the heat source to the temperature measurement region and transmitting the collected heat to the sensing end along a surface of the temperature measurement region; and a heat insulation panel disposed opposite the heat source with respect to the heat conduction panel to prevent heat generated from the heat source or heat transferred to the heat conduction panel from being discharged to an outside of the heat insulation panel or to prevent external heat from being transferred to the heat conduction panel.

A temperature sensor module includes: a sensor unit having a sensing end for measurement of a temperature of a heat source; a heat conduction panel formed of a thermally conductive material and having a temperature measurement region connected to the sensing end and exposed to the heat source, the heat conduction panel collecting heat transferred from the heat source to the temperature measurement region and transmitting the collected heat to the sensing end along a surface of the temperature measurement region; and a heat insulation panel disposed opposite the heat source with respect to the heat conduction panel to prevent heat generated from the heat source or heat transferred to the heat conduction panel from being discharged to an outside of the heat insulation panel or to prevent external heat from being transferred to the heat conduction panel.

A multi-core thermocouple includes a plurality of wires, an insulation core surrounding the plurality of wires, a sheath surrounding the insulation core, and a plurality of electrical junctions. The plurality of electrical junctions may include a first electrical junction formed between a first wire of the plurality of wires and the sheath at a first axial mid-section of the multi-core thermocouple, the first electrical junction including a first swaged axial mid-section of the sheath and a second electrical junction formed between a second wire of the plurality of wires and the sheath at a second, different axial mid-section of the multi-core thermocouple, the second electrical junction including a second swaged axial mid-section of the sheath.

A multi-core thermocouple includes a plurality of wires, an insulation core surrounding the plurality of wires, a sheath surrounding the insulation core, and a plurality of electrical junctions. The plurality of electrical junctions may include a first electrical junction formed between a first wire of the plurality of wires and the sheath at a first axial mid-section of the multi-core thermocouple, the first electrical junction including a first swaged axial mid-section of the sheath and a second electrical junction formed between a second wire of the plurality of wires and the sheath at a second, different axial mid-section of the multi-core thermocouple, the second electrical junction including a second swaged axial mid-section of the sheath.

A state detection sensor is provided with a first sensor unit, a second sensor unit, an intermediate insulation sensor disposed between the first sensor unit and the second sensor unit. The first surface of the intermediate insulation layer is joined to the second wiring of the first sensor unit. The second surface of the intermediate insulation layer is joined to the third wiring of the second sensor unit. The first sensor unit and the second sensor unit are electrically connected in series in a state where a polarity of thermoelectrormotive force produced in the first sensor unit and a polarity of thermoelectromotive force produced in the second sensor unit are in mutually opposite polarity relationship when a heat flow passes through the first sensor unit and the second sensor unit in the same direction.

A state detection sensor is provided with a first sensor unit, a second sensor unit, an intermediate insulation sensor disposed between the first sensor unit and the second sensor unit. The first surface of the intermediate insulation layer is joined to the second wiring of the first sensor unit. The second surface of the intermediate insulation layer is joined to the third wiring of the second sensor unit. The first sensor unit and the second sensor unit are electrically connected in series in a state where a polarity of thermoelectrormotive force produced in the first sensor unit and a polarity of thermoelectromotive force produced in the second sensor unit are in mutually opposite polarity relationship when a heat flow passes through the first sensor unit and the second sensor unit in the same direction.

An atmospheric turbulence detection method includes: providing a temperature difference measuring device including a thermocouple element and two sensing probes, wherein the thermocouple element has two opposite end portions, the two sensing probes are respectively disposed at the two end portions, and there is an ambient distance between the two end portions; placing the temperature difference measuring device in an atmospheric environment to generate an electromotive force by a temperature difference between the two end portions; analyzing the electromotive force to convert the electromotive force into an ambient temperature difference of an environment where the two end portions of the thermocouple element are located, an atmospheric refractive index structure constant is calculated according to the ambient temperature difference and the ambient distance, and a value of the atmospheric refractive index structure constant corresponds to an ambient disturbance of an atmospheric turbulence. An atmospheric turbulence detection device is also provided.

An atmospheric turbulence detection method includes: providing a temperature difference measuring device including a thermocouple element and two sensing probes, wherein the thermocouple element has two opposite end portions, the two sensing probes are respectively disposed at the two end portions, and there is an ambient distance between the two end portions; placing the temperature difference measuring device in an atmospheric environment to generate an electromotive force by a temperature difference between the two end portions; analyzing the electromotive force to convert the electromotive force into an ambient temperature difference of an environment where the two end portions of the thermocouple element are located, an atmospheric refractive index structure constant is calculated according to the ambient temperature difference and the ambient distance, and a value of the atmospheric refractive index structure constant corresponds to an ambient disturbance of an atmospheric turbulence. An atmospheric turbulence detection device is also provided.

An electrical penetration food thermometer having an elongated probe, a temperature sensor within the probe, an energy converter capable of generating an electrical power from a temperature difference, and a heat conductor thermally conductively connected to the energy converter.

An electrical penetration food thermometer having an elongated probe, a temperature sensor within the probe, an energy converter capable of generating an electrical power from a temperature difference, and a heat conductor thermally conductively connected to the energy converter.