Disclosed is a TDR measuring apparatus for determining the dielectric constant and material properties derived therefrom of a medium flowing through a pipeline. The apparatus includes signal generation electronics which generate TDR measurement signals, transmitting and receiving electronics, a coupling-in/coupling-out apparatus which couples the TDR measurement signals into and out of an electrically conductive measuring probe of a predefined length, and control/evaluation electronics which use the propagation time of the TDR measurement signals to determine the dielectric constant. The measuring probe is arranged in an electrically insulated manner outside of the pipeline. Alternately, the measuring probe is placed in the pipeline such that the outer surface of the measuring probe facing the medium terminates flush with the inner surface of the pipeline and is configured such that the propagation time and the amplitude of the measurement signals on the measuring probe are dependent on the dielectric constant of the medium.

Disclosed is a TDR measuring apparatus for determining the dielectric constant and material properties derived therefrom of a medium flowing through a pipeline. The apparatus includes signal generation electronics which generate TDR measurement signals, transmitting and receiving electronics, a coupling-in/coupling-out apparatus which couples the TDR measurement signals into and out of an electrically conductive measuring probe of a predefined length, and control/evaluation electronics which use the propagation time of the TDR measurement signals to determine the dielectric constant. The measuring probe is arranged in an electrically insulated manner outside of the pipeline. Alternately, the measuring probe is placed in the pipeline such that the outer surface of the measuring probe facing the medium terminates flush with the inner surface of the pipeline and is configured such that the propagation time and the amplitude of the measurement signals on the measuring probe are dependent on the dielectric constant of the medium.

A method and a device for detection of metal and non-metal particle concentration of an electrical discharge machining liquid are disclosed. The method comprises steps of: (A) filling a tank with the electrical discharge machining liquid, wherein the tank comprises a tank wall, a first conductor, and a second conductor; (B) measuring a voltage between the first conductor and the second conductor by an electronic device, wherein the electronic device electrically connects to the first conductor and the second conductor, and the electronic device comprises a capacitance detection circuit; and (C) calculating a particle concentration or an equivalent dielectric constant of the electrical discharge machining liquid on the basis of the measured voltage.

The invention relates to a sensor (300) for determining a dielectric property of a medium (205). The sensor (300) has a substrate (301, 302), which has at least one via (203, 204), and a waveguide (12), which is arranged so as to be planar in relation to an upper surface of the substrate (301). The waveguide (12) can be connected to an analysis device (20) by means of the at least one via (203, 204). Furthermore, the waveguide (12) is designed to receive an input signal from the analysis device (20) and to output an output signal to the analysis device (20). When of the waveguide (12) is in contact with a medium (205), properties of the input signal and of the output signal are indicative of the dielectric property of the medium (205). The arrangement of the waveguide (12) so as to be planar in relation to the substrate (301) enables larger measurement ranges and improved measurement accuracies. Furthermore, a compact construction is achieved by the planar structure. The invention further relates to a sensor arrangement and a method for determining a dielectric property of a medium by means of a sensor.

A sensor device for monitoring dielectric strength of a dielectric fluid has a sensor body which supports a sensitive part (SGi), designed for contact with the dielectric fluid. The sensitive part (SGi) comprises at least one pair of electrodes (E1, E2) having respective surface portions arranged at a predefined micrometric or sub-micrometric distance, to define therebetween at least one detection gap between which part of the dielectric fluid is suitable to seep in. The sensor device has a circuit arrangement comprising: means for generating an electric field between the two electrodes of the at least one pair of electrodes (E1, E2) starting from a known supply voltage, andmeans (V) for measuring a voltage representative of possible occurrence of an electric discharge between the two electrodes of the at least one pair of electrodes (E1, E2) through the dielectric fluid (5) present in the at least one detection gap (G), following generation of the electric field.

A transparency, e.g. an aircraft laminated windshield, includes one or more moisture sensors to monitor moisture penetration to monitor performance of the moisture barrier. At least one of the moisture sensors includes a dielectric between and in electrical contact with two electrically conductive electrodes. Alternating electrical current is applied to the electrodes to measure the complex impedance (ohms) of the dielectric to determine the amount of moisture within the laminated windshield in the area of the moisture sensor. With the information provided by the moisture sensors performance of the windshield is available to schedule timely repair or replacement of the windshield that is performing outside of acceptable limits.

A transparency, e.g. an aircraft laminated windshield, includes one or more moisture sensors to monitor moisture penetration to monitor performance of the moisture barrier. At least one of the moisture sensors includes an electrolyte between and in ionic contact with two electrically conductive electrodes. Measuring the potential between the first and second electrode and/or the current through the electrodes to determine the amount of moisture within the laminated windshield in the area of the moisture sensor. With the information provided by the moisture sensors performance of the windshield is available to schedule timely repair or replacement of the windshield that is performing outside of acceptable limits.

Penetrating matter (non-organic, organic or biological) with electric fields is shown, to identify one or more properties of the matter. A first electrode (111) is energized and an output signal from a capacitively coupled second electrode (115) is monitored. The output signal is processed to identify properties of the matter (which for biological matter could indicate the presence of cancer). The first electrode and the second electrode are selected from a plurality of electrodes mounted on a first planer surface of a dielectric substrate (401). The electrodes are circumferentially and substantially evenly displaced upon the planer surface around a hole in the substrate.

A transparency, e.g. an aircraft laminated windshield, includes one or more moisture sensors to monitor moisture penetration to monitor performance of the moisture barrier. At least one of the moisture sensors includes an electrolyte between and in ionic contact with two electrically conductive electrodes. Measuring the potential between the first and second electrode and/or the current through the electrodes to determine the amount of moisture within the laminated windshield in the area of the moisture sensor. With the information provided by the moisture sensors performance of the windshield is available to schedule timely repair or replacement of the windshield that is performing outside of acceptable limits.

A transparency, e.g. an aircraft laminated windshield, includes one or more moisture sensors to monitor moisture penetration to monitor performance of the moisture barrier. At least one of the moisture sensors includes a dielectric between and in electrical contact with two electrically conductive electrodes. Alternating electrical current is applied to the electrodes to measure the complex impedance (ohms) of the dielectric to determine the amount of moisture within the laminated windshield in the area of the moisture sensor. With the information provided by the moisture sensors performance of the windshield is available to schedule timely repair or replacement of the windshield that is performing outside of acceptable limits.