An exemplary air cushion inflation machine includes: a first terminal connected to a direct current input; a second terminal; a reference resistor powered by the direct current input; an op-amp; and a transistor. The first terminal of the op-amp is connected to a variable voltage source and the second terminal of the op-amp is connected to the reference resistor. The transistor has a base connected to an output of the op-amp, an emitter connected to the reference resistor, and a collector connected to a first terminal of a sealing band apparatus having first and second terminals. A meltable material placed between the first and second terminals is melted by resistance of current flowing between the first and second terminals. The variable voltage source changes voltage based on a voltage drop measured across the first and second terminals by a voltage measurement device and the constant current.

A heating system includes at least one electric heater disposed within a fluid flow system and a control device that is configured to determine a temperature of the at least one electric heater based on a model, at least one fluid flow system input, and at least one heater input. The at least one heater input includes at least one physical characteristic of the heating system, the at least one physical characteristic includes at least one of a resistance wire diameter, a heater insulation thickness, a heater sheath thickness, a conductivity, a specific heat and density of the material of the heater, an emissivity of the heater and the fluid flow pathway, and combinations thereof. The control device is configured to provide power to the at least one electric heater based on the temperature of the at least one electric heater.

A chemical mechanical polishing apparatus includes a platen to hold a polishing pad, a carrier to hold a substrate against a polishing surface of the polishing pad during a polishing process, a dispenser to supply a polishing liquid to the polishing surface, and a temperature control system including a body configured to contact the polishing surface or the polishing liquid on the polishing surface. The body supports a thermal control module positioned over the polishing pad.

A three-dimensional heating atomization device includes a shell, a heating element, a first thermo-electrode lead and a second thermo-electrode lead, wherein a heating chamber is arranged in the shell, one end of the first thermo-electrode lead is connected with one end of the heating element, and one end of the second thermo-electrode lead is connected with the other end of the heating element, so that a bottom surface and a side surface of the heating chamber are both heated by one heating member, and three-dimensional heating is more uniform and efficient, thus being beneficial for improving an atomization effect. Moreover, the first thermo-electrode lead and the second thermo-electrode lead not only can be used for supplying electric energy to the heating element to heat the heating chamber, but also can form a thermocouple by using the first thermo-electrode lead and the second thermo-electrode lead, so that a temperature of the heating element is detected by the thermocouple to realize a temperature control function of the heating element, thus avoiding use of a temperature measurement accessory such as a temperature sensor, simplifying an internal structure of an atomizer product, reducing accessories needed by the whole product, and allowing assembly and use to be more convenient and efficient.

A method for regulating a heater including at least one heating element having a temperature-dependent electrical resistance is disclosed. The method may include determining, with a regulating unit of the heater, a current heating behaviour of the heating element based on a time profile of the resistance of the heating element. The heating element may exhibit (i) an NTC heating behaviour at temperatures below a transition temperature, (ii) a PTC heating behaviour at temperatures above the transition temperature, and (iii) a transition between the NTC heating behaviour and the PTC heating behaviour at the transition temperature and a resistance minimum. The method may further include determining, with the regulating unit, at least one input parameter for the heating element based on the current heating behaviour. The method may also include regulating, with the regulating unit, the heating element via the at least one input parameter.

The invention pertains to the field of smoking devices, and provides an aerosol generation device (10) and a control method thereof. The method comprises: controlling a heater (101) to rise from an initial temperature to a first pre-determined temperature (S11); if the heater (101) has risen from the initial temperature to the first pre-determined temperature, controlling the heater (101) to maintain the first pre-determined temperature for a first pre-determined duration (S12); and controlling a sum of the duration of the heater (101) to rise from the initial temperature to the first pre-determined temperature and the first pre-determined duration to be greater than or equal to a second pre-determined duration (S13).

A treatment system includes a treatment tool having a heater and bipolar electrodes to grip a treatment target. An energy source apparatus is used to electrically communicate with the treatment tool. The energy output source is configured to output high-frequency electric power to the bipolar electrodes through a first circuit. A high-frequency current flows through the treatment target between the bipolar electrodes. The energy output source is configured to output heater electric power to the heater for generating heat through a second circuit. At least one processor is used to control the energy output source.

An aerosol generating device includes a heater configured to heat an aerosol generating material to generate aerosol; a controller configured to: calculate a current flowing through the heater based on a predefined resistance of the heater and power supplied to the heater, measure the current flowing through the heater, and control the power supplied to the heater based on a difference between the calculated current and the measured current.

A dental furnace, in particular for the pre-drying of dental restoration parts or for the debinding of dental restoration parts, with a heating chamber and at least one electric heating element, a power control device for the heating element, a temperature detection device with which the temperature in the heating chamber can be detected is provided. The temperature detection device is designed in particular as a thermocouple or as an optical temperature measuring system for direct detection of the temperature of the dental restoration system. A process control device is connected to the temperature sensing device and to the power control device for controlling the power control device. The process control device comprises a current control device with which, in particular in the absence of a measuring signal of the temperature detection device, the power control device can be controlled.

A cartridge for an aerosol-generating system is provided, including a liquid storage portion including a housing containing a liquid aerosol-forming substrate, the housing having an open end; and a heater assembly including: an electrical heating element configured to heat the substrate to form an aerosol, the heating element including a planar filament arrangement having one or more electrically conductive filaments, an electrically insulating substrate having a planar attachment face, the filament arrangement disposed on the planar attachment face, and clamping elements mechanically fixing the filament arrangement to the electrically insulating substrate and applying a pulling force onto the filament arrangement, at least a portion of the heater assembly being fluid-permeable, and the heater assembly being arranged over the open end of the housing.