A constituent part of a marker for marking discrete entities including a support structure, at least one first oligonucleotide connected to the support structure, at least a second oligonucleotide at least partially complementary to a part of the first oligonucleotide, and at least one label connected to the second oligonucleotide.

The present disclosure relates to methods of writing data in nucleic acid chains and methods of reading data written in nucleic acid chains. The present disclosure also relates to a kit for writing and reading data in nucleic acid chains.

Provided herein are compositions, devices, systems and methods for the generation and use of secured biomolecule-based information for storage. Further described herein are compositions, devices, systems and methods for bioencryption or biodecryption of information. Conversion of a digital sequence to a nucleic based sequence includes a step of selection of one or more bioencryption methods.

An apparatus includes a flow cell body, a plurality of electrodes, an integrated circuit, and an imaging assembly. The flow cell body defines one or more flow channels and a plurality of wells. Each flow channel is configured to receive a flow of fluid. Each well is fluidically coupled with the corresponding flow channel. Each well is configured to contain at least one polynucleotide. Each electrode is positioned in a corresponding well of the plurality of wells. The electrodes are operable to effect writing of polynucleotides in the corresponding wells. The integrated circuit is operable to drive selective deposition or activation of selected nucleotides to attach to polynucleotides in the wells to thereby generate polynucleotides representing machine-written data in the wells. The imaging assembly is operable to capture images indicative of one or more nucleotides in a polynucleotide.

The disclosure provides a novel system and method of storing multi-bit information, including providing a nano-channel-based polymer memory device, the device having at least one memory cell comprising at least two addition nano-channels, each of the addition nano-channels arranged to add a unique chemical construct (or codes) to the polymer when the polymer enters the respective addition nano-channel, the polymer having a bead or origami on a non-writing end of the polymer; each nano-channel having a nano-port constriction having a port width which allows the polymer to pass through the nano-port, and does not allow the bead or origami to pass through and does not allow addition or deblocking enzymes (or beads attached thereto) to pass through the nano-port; successively steering the polymer through the nanopore into the addition nano-channels to add the codes to the polymer based on a predetermined digital data pattern to create the digital data pattern on the polymer.

A method of storing information using monomers such as nucleotides is provided including converting a format of information into a plurality of bit sequences of a bit stream with each having a corresponding bit barcode, converting the plurality of bit sequences to a plurality of corresponding oligonucleotide sequences using one bit per base encoding, synthesizing the plurality of corresponding oligonucleotide sequences on a substrate having a plurality of reaction locations, and storing the synthesized plurality of corresponding oligonucleotide sequences.

one embodiment of a memory stores information, including address bits, on DNA strands and provides access using a pipeline of tubes, where each tube selectively transfers half of the strands to the next tube based on probing of associated address bits. Transfers are controlled by logic relating to the state of the tubes: The pipeline may be initialized to start at a high-order target address, providing random access without enzymes, synthesizing probe molecules or PCR at access time. Thereafter, a processing unit gets fast access to sequentially addressed strands each cycle, for applications like executing machine language instructions or reading blocks of data from a file. Another embodiment with a compare unit allows low-order random access. Provided that addresses are encoded using single-stranded regions of DNA where probe molecules may hybridize, other information may use any DNA encoding. Electronic/electrochemical (electrowetting, nanopore, etc.) embodiments as well as biochemical embodiments are possible.

Devices, systems, and methods for non-volatile storage include a well activation device operable to modify one or more wells from a plurality of wells of a flow cell to provide a set of readable wells. Readable wells are configured to allow exposure of a well to substances from nucleotide sequencing fluids, and prevent exposure to other substances and fluids, such as nucleotide synthesizing fluids. The well activation device may also modify wells to provide a set of writeable wells. This set of wells is configured to allow exposure to the nucleotide synthesizing fluids and substances; and prevent exposure to the nucleotide sequencing fluids and substances. There may also be provisions made for risk mitigation for data errors such as generating commands to write specified data to a nucleotide sequence associated with a particular location in a storage device, reading the nucleotide sequence and performing a comparison.

A molecular scrivener reads data from or writes data to a macromolecule and includes: a pair of shielding electrodes; a scrivener electrode between the first and second shielding electrodes and that electrically floats at a third potential that, in an absence of a charged or dipolar moiety of the macromolecule, is intermediate between the first and second potentials and changes in a presence of the charged or dipolar moiety; a dielectric layer interposed between shielding electrodes and the scrivener electrode; and a nanopore that communicates the macromolecule through the electrodes and dielectric layers. Reading data from or writing data to a macromolecule includes: sequentially receiving, at the scrivener electrode, individual moieties of the macromolecule so that the third potential responds to individual moieties; communicating the macromolecule from the scrivener electrode to the second shielding electrode and from second shielding electrode to expel the macromolecule from the nanopore.

A method for information encoding and decoding, and method for information storage and interpretation are provided. The information encoding method includes: first binary information and second binary information as well as a first encoding rule and a second encoding rule are obtained; a first output candidate symbol corresponding to a current input of the first binary information is obtained and a second output candidate symbol corresponding to a current input of the second binary information is obtained, and an intersection of the first output candidate symbol and the second output candidate symbol is taken as an output corresponding to a current input; and an output symbol corresponding to each binary bit of the first binary information and the second binary information is sequentially determined through the first encoding rule and the second encoding rule, as to obtain an encoding sequence formed by a plurality of the output symbols.