A device includes a substrate, a dielectric structure, a gate electrode, and a drain electrode. The dielectric structure is over the substrate. The dielectric structure includes a first portion, a second portion, and a third portion. The first portion has a first equivalent oxide thickness. The second portion is spaced apart from the first portion and has a second equivalent oxide thickness. The third portion laterally surrounds the first and second portions and has a third equivalent oxide thickness greater than the first equivalent oxide thickness of the first portion. The gate electrode is over the dielectric structure and in contact with the first and third portions of the dielectric structure. The drain electrode is over the dielectric structure and in contact with the second and third portions of the dielectric structure.

Systems and methods include a fluorescence measurement apparatus. A single-wavelength light source generates an excitation light source. A sample holder holds a sample and includes a surface transparent to the excitation light source. Mounts attached to the single-wavelength light source(s) or the sample holder change an incident angle of the excitation light source on the surface. Optical components positioned in a path of a fluorescence emission emitted from the surface guide the fluorescence emission to a detector that obtains spectra from at least first and second angles-of-incidence. A device records spectra obtained by the detector from the first and second angles-of-incidence, normalizes and analyzes intensities of the spectra, subtracts a first spectrum corresponding to the first angle-of-incidence from a second spectrum corresponding to the second angle-of-incidence to obtain a difference, identifying a sample type of the sample based on an API gravity mapped to the difference.

Systems and methods include a fluorescence measurement apparatus. A single-wavelength light source generates an excitation light source. A sample holder holds a sample and includes a surface transparent to the excitation light source. Mounts attached to the single-wavelength light source(s) or the sample holder change an incident angle of the excitation light source on the surface. Optical components positioned in a path of a fluorescence emission emitted from the surface guide the fluorescence emission to a detector that obtains spectra from at least first and second angles-of-incidence. A device records spectra obtained by the detector from the first and second angles-of-incidence, normalizes and analyzes intensities of the spectra, subtracts a first spectrum corresponding to the first angle-of-incidence from a second spectrum corresponding to the second angle-of-incidence to obtain a difference, identifying a sample type of the sample based on an API gravity mapped to the difference.

A high-frequency conductor having improved conductivity comprises at least one electrically conductive base material. The ratio of the outer and inner surfaces of the base material permeable by a current to the total volume of the base material is increased by a) dividing the base material perpendicularly to the direction of current into at least two segments, which are spaced from each other by an electrically conductive intermediate piece and connected both electrically and mechanically to each other, and/or b) topographical structures in or on the surface of the base material and/or c) inner porosity of at least a portion of the base material compared to a design of the base material in which the respective feature was omitted. It was found that, as a result of these measures concerning the design, it is possible to physically arrange the same amount abase material so that a larger fraction of the base material is located at a distance of no more than skin depth from an outer or inner surface and is thus involved in current transport. As a result, a lesser fraction remains unused as a function of the skin effect.

A high-frequency conductor having improved conductivity comprises at least one electrically conductive base material. The ratio of the outer and inner surfaces of the base material permeable by a current to the total volume of the base material is increased by a) dividing the base material perpendicularly to the direction of current into at least two segments, which are spaced from each other by an electrically conductive intermediate piece and connected both electrically and mechanically to each other, and/or b) topographical structures in or on the surface of the base material and/or c) inner porosity of at least a portion of the base material compared to a design of the base material in which the respective feature was omitted. It was found that, as a result of these measures concerning the design, it is possible to physically arrange the same amount abase material so that a larger fraction of the base material is located at a distance of no more than skin depth from an outer or inner surface and is thus involved in current transport. As a result, a lesser fraction remains unused as a function of the skin effect.

Systems and methods include a fluorescence measurement apparatus. A single-wavelength light source generates an excitation light source. A sample holder holds a sample and includes a surface transparent to the excitation light source. Mounts attached to the single-wavelength light source(s) or the sample holder change an incident angle of the excitation light source on the surface. Optical components positioned in a path of a fluorescence emission emitted from the surface guide the fluorescence emission to a detector that obtains spectra from at least first and second angles-of-incidence. A device records spectra obtained by the detector from the first and second angles-of-incidence, normalizes and analyzes intensities of the spectra, subtracts a first spectrum corresponding to the first angle-of-incidence from a second spectrum corresponding to the second angle-of-incidence to obtain a difference, identifying a sample type of the sample based on an API gravity mapped to the difference.

Systems and methods include a fluorescence measurement apparatus. A single-wavelength light source generates an excitation light source. A sample holder holds a sample and includes a surface transparent to the excitation light source. Mounts attached to the single-wavelength light source(s) or the sample holder change an incident angle of the excitation light source on the surface. Optical components positioned in a path of a fluorescence emission emitted from the surface guide the fluorescence emission to a detector that obtains spectra from at least first and second angles-of-incidence. A device records spectra obtained by the detector from the first and second angles-of-incidence, normalizes and analyzes intensities of the spectra, subtracts a first spectrum corresponding to the first angle-of-incidence from a second spectrum corresponding to the second angle-of-incidence to obtain a difference, identifying a sample type of the sample based on an API gravity mapped to the difference.

Embodiments relate to a stacked photo sensor assembly where two substrates are stacked vertically. The two substrates are connected via interconnects at a pixel level to provide a signal from a photodiode at a first substrate to circuitry on a second substrate. The circuitry on the second substrate performs operations that were conventionally performed on first substrate. More specifically, charge storage of the first substrate is replaced with capacitors on the second substrate. A voltage signal corresponding to the amount of charge in the first substrate is generated and processed in the second substrate. By stacking the first and second substrates, the photo sensor assembly can be made more compact while increasing or at least retaining the photodiode fill factor of the photo sensor assembly.

Embodiments relate to a stacked photo sensor assembly where two substrates are stacked vertically. The two substrates are connected via interconnects at a pixel level to provide a signal from a photodiode at a first substrate to circuitry on a second substrate. The circuitry on the second substrate performs operations that were conventionally performed on first substrate. More specifically, charge storage of the first substrate is replaced with capacitors on the second substrate. A voltage signal corresponding to the amount of charge in the first substrate is generated and processed in the second substrate. By stacking the first and second substrates, the photo sensor assembly can be made more compact while increasing or at least retaining the photodiode fill factor of the photo sensor assembly.

Embodiments relate to a stacked photo sensor assembly where two substrates are stacked vertically. The two substrates are connected via interconnects at a pixel level to provide a signal from a photodiode at a first substrate to circuitry on a second substrate. The circuitry on the second substrate performs operations that were conventionally performed on first substrate. More specifically, charge storage of the first substrate is replaced with capacitors on the second substrate. A voltage signal corresponding to the amount of charge in the first substrate is generated and processed in the second substrate. By stacking the first and second substrates, the photo sensor assembly can be made more compact while increasing or at least retaining the photodiode fill factor of the photo sensor assembly.