This disclosure provides systems, methods, apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media for orthogonal multiplexing of high efficiency (HE) and extremely high throughput (EHT) wireless traffic. Devices in a wireless local area network (WLAN) may operate under HE or EHT conditions. An access point (AP) may support both HE and EHT communications with WLAN devices. To enable substantially simultaneous downlink HE and EHT transmissions and substantially simultaneous uplink HE and EHT transmissions, the AP may support orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) of HE and EHT transmissions. For example, pre-HE and pre-EHT modulated fields, HE and EHT modulated fields, and payloads may be aligned in time for the HE and EHT transmissions. The AP may ensure orthogonality for multiplexing the HE and EHT transmissions based on the alignment. In some implementations, a trigger frame may be utilized to indicate uplink transmission alignments.

To improve integrity of time synchronization, a node in the safety rated system takes steps to ensure the time to which it is synchronized has not become corrupted. The node receives a synchronize request message from an adjacent network device, which includes the master time, and the node generates an offset value corresponding to a difference between a local time and the master time. The node stores the offset time into a safety memory to ensure that the offset value has data integrity and does not become corrupted. The node performs periodic skew detection between two devices to verify that the clocks remain synchronized. In addition, the node performs a local drift detection to detect if the frequency of the local oscillator on which the local clock value is based begins to change.

A wireless communication method for use in a wireless terminal is disclosed. The wireless communication method comprises determining at least one synchronization value based on at least one time stamp, and transmitting, to a wireless network node, a signal based on the at least one synchronization value.

Compact timestamps and related methods, systems and devices are described. An encoder is configured to generate compact timestamps of the disclosure by sampling states of linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs). A decoder may be configured to determine timing information responsive to the compact timestamps.

A packet processing method includes receiving a first packet by a first receiving interface of a media conversion module of a first network device, where the first packet includes a first alignment marker (AM), sending a second packet by a first sending interface of the media conversion module, where the second packet includes the first AM, and the second packet is the first packet processed by the media conversion module, and calculating a time interval T.sub.1 between a time at which the media conversion module receives the first packet and a time at which the media conversion module sends the second packet, where the T.sub.1 is used to compensate for a first timestamp at which the first network device receives or sends the third packet.

A method for signaling a time and/or clock through a header station generating a transport datastream from video and/or audio data to at least one receiver of the transport datastream calculates the time information (PCR.sub.N+1; RTP.sub.N+1; T.sub.N+1) integrated in a transport data packet of the transport datastream iteratively from the time information (PCR.sub.N; RTP.sub.N; T.sub.1) of the transport data packet last transmitted in the transport datastream with integrated time information, from a transmission time of data bits transmitted since the last transmitted transport data packet with integrated time information in the transport datastream and from a clock (f.sub.PCR; f.sub.Sys). The time information (PCR.sub.N+1, PCR.sub.N; RTP.sub.N+1, RTP.sub.N; T.sub.N+1, T.sub.1) serves in each case for the signaling of times or a clock, and, in each case, contains a pulse number counted up to the transmission time of the respective transport data packet of the clock (f.sub.PCR; f.sub.Sys).

A method according to the present disclosure comprises determining a first synchronization value associated with a point in time at which reception of the audio data of each of a first device and a second device is completed; determining a second synchronization value for synchronizing points in time at which the audio data is output from the first device and the second device; determining a first synchronization reference time point based on the first synchronization value and the second synchronization value; performing a specific operation associated with transmitting the audio data; and transmitting, to each of the first device and the second device, the audio data on a specific channel associated with transmitting the audio data, wherein the audio data is transmitted based on the first synchronization reference time point and a second synchronization reference time point determined based on a specific time value for the specific operation.

A distributed hybrid algorithm that synchronizes the time and rate of a set of clocks connected over a network. Clock measurements of the nodes are given at aperiodic time instants and the controller at each node uses these measurements to achieve synchronization. Due to the continuous and impulsive nature of the clocks and the network, we introduce a hybrid system model to effectively capture the dynamics of the system and the proposed hybrid algorithm. Moreover, the hybrid algorithm allows each agent to estimate the skew of its internal clock in order to allow for synchronization to a common timer rate. We provide sufficient conditions guaranteeing synchronization of the timers, exponentially fast. Numerical results illustrate the synchronization property induced by the algorithm as well as its performance against comparable algorithms from the literature.

There is provided mechanisms for transmission of timestamp information. A method is performed by a transmitter device. The method comprises obtaining a first timestamp. The method comprises inserting a protected representation of the first timestamp in a payload field of a message. The message is a precision time protocol message. The method comprises timestamping the message by inserting a second timestamp in a timestamp field of the message. The method comprises transmitting the timestamped message to a receiver device. There is also provided mechanisms for reception of protected timestamp information. A method is performed by a receiving device.

A system (100) comprising: a first unit (104) and one or more second units (104). The first unit (102) comprises: a timing reference (114) configured to provide a master-timing-reference-signal; a master time block configured to provide a master-time-signal (117) for the first unit (102) based on the master-timing-reference-signal; and a first interface (122) configured to: receive timestamped-processed-second-RF-signals from the one or more second units (104); and provide a first-unit-timing-signal (262) to the one or more second units (104) based on the master-time-signal. The one or more second units (104) each comprise: a slave time block (141) configured to: determine a slave-time-signal (142) for the second unit (104) based on the master-timing-reference-signal; determine one or more second-timing-values based on the slave-time-signal; determine an adjustment-time based on the first-unit-timing-signal received from the first unit (102) and the second-timing-values; and adjust the slave-time-signal based on the adjustment-time.