Diamond based current aperture vertical transistor and methods of making and using the same

Abstract

A semiconductor structure, device, or vertical field effect transistor is comprised of a drain, a drift layer disposed in a first direction relative to the drain and in electronic communication with the drain, a barrier layer disposed in the first direction relative to the drift layer and in electronic communication with the drain, the barrier layer comprising a current blocking layer and an aperture region, a two-dimensional hole gas-containing layer disposed in the first direction relative to the barrier layer, a gate electrode oriented to alter an energy level of the aperture region when a gate voltage is applied to the gate electrode, and a source in ohmic contact with the two-dimensional hole gas-containing layer. At least one of an additional layer, the drain, the drift region, the current blocking layer, the two-dimensional hole gas-containing layer, and the aperture region comprises diamond.

Claims

1. A vertical field effect transistor comprising: a drain; a drift layer disposed in a first direction relative to the drain and in electronic communication with the drain; a current blocking layer disposed in the first direction relative to the drift layer and in electronic communication with the drain, the current blocking layer comprising a barrier material region and an aperture region; a two-dimensional hole gas-containing layer disposed in the first direction relative to the current blocking layer; a gate electrode oriented to alter an energy level of the aperture region when a gate voltage is applied to the gate electrode; and a source in ohmic contact with the two-dimensional hole gas-containing layer; wherein at least one of the drain, the drift layer, and the two-dimensional hole gas-containing layer comprises diamond; and wherein the barrier material region comprises insulating diamond material, and the aperture region comprises conductive diamond material.

2. The vertical field effect transistor of claim 1, wherein at least one of the barrier material region and the aperture region is formed by doping, implantation, regrowth, or heteroepitaxy.

3. The vertical field effect transistor of claim 1, further comprising a p-type delta doped channel disposed between the gate electrode and the two-dimensional hole gas-containing layer.

4. The vertical field effect transistor of claim 1, wherein the insulating diamond material of the barrier material region is rendered insulating by exposure to ultraviolet-ozone or oxygen plasma.

5. The vertical field effect transistor of claim 1, wherein the insulating diamond material of the barrier material region contains activated oxygen.

6. The vertical field effect transistor of claim 1, wherein the two-dimensional hole gas-containing layer comprises hydrogen-terminated diamond.

7. The vertical field effect transistor of claim 1, further comprising a dielectric layer positioned to provide electrical insulation between the gate electrode and the two-dimensional hole gas-containing layer.

8. The vertical field effect transistor of claim 1, further comprising a substrate layer, wherein the drift layer is disposed in the first direction relative to the substrate layer.

9. The vertical field effect transistor of claim 8, wherein the substrate layer comprises a non-conducting type IIa single crystal diamond substrate layer.

10. The vertical field effect transistor of claim 8, further comprising a current spreading layer arranged between the drift layer and the substrate.

11. The vertical field effect transistor of claim 10, wherein the drain comprises at least one drain contact formed on the current spreading layer.

12. The vertical field effect transistor of claim 11, wherein at least a portion of the current spreading layer is wider than the drift layer, and the least one drain contact is spaced apart from the drift layer.

13. The vertical field effect transistor of claim 1, wherein at least two of the drain, the drift layer, and the two-dimensional hole gas-containing layer comprises diamond.

14. The vertical field effect transistor of claim 1, wherein each of the drain, the drift layer, and the two-dimensional hole gas-containing layer comprises diamond.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a graph showing areas of power electronics in which diamond can be used.

(2) FIG. 2 is a graph comparing diamond to other commonly used wide bandgap semiconductors.

(3) FIG. 3A is a non-limiting aspect of a semiconductor structure for a diamond based current aperture vertical transistor.

(4) FIG. 3B is a non-limiting aspect of a device structure for a diamond based current aperture vertical transistor without a separate substrate.

(5) FIG. 3C is a non-limiting aspect of a device structure for a current aperture vertical transistor with a substrate material with layers for a diamond current.

(6) FIG. 4 depicts the energy band offset of different semiconductor materials with respect to diamond.

(7) FIG. 5 shows the current density vs voltage characteristics of a diamond n-i-p diode fabricated on (100)-oriented type IIa bulk diamond substrate.

(8) FIG. 6 shows the current density vs voltage characteristics of a diamond n-i-p diode fabricated on (111)-oriented type IIb p-type bulk diamond substrate before and after isolation.

(9) FIG. 7 shows the capacitance vs voltage and 1/C.sup.2 vs V characteristics of a diamond n-i-p diode fabricated on (111)-oriented type IIb p-type bulk diamond substrate after isolation at 30 KHz frequency and 30 mV rms voltage.

(10) FIG. 8A is a non-limiting aspect of a semiconductor structure for a diamond based current aperture vertical transistor using a boron doped p-type delta doped channel.

(11) FIG. 8B is a non-limiting aspect of a device structure for a diamond based current aperture vertical transistor without a separate substrate with a delta doped boron doped p-type channel.

(12) FIG. 8C is a non-limiting aspect of a device structure for a diamond based current aperture vertical transistor with a substrate with a delta doped boron doped p-type channel.

(13) FIG. 9A is a non-limiting aspect of a semiconductor structure for a diamond based current aperture vertical transistor using a Junction Field Effect Transistor Approach with a p-type channel.

(14) FIG. 9B is a non-limiting aspect of a device structure for a diamond based current aperture vertical transistor without a separate substrate with a delta doped boron doped p-type channel.

(15) FIG. 9C is a non-limiting aspect of a device structure for a diamond based current aperture vertical transistor with a substrate using a Junction Field Effect Transistor Approach with a p-type channel.

(16) FIG. 10 shows a process flow for planar CBL and aperture.

(17) FIG. 11 shows a non-limiting flowchart of a method for creating a diamond based current aperture vertical transistor.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(18) Various aspects of the subject technology are now described with reference to the annexed drawings, wherein like reference numerals correspond to similar elements throughout the several views. It should be understood, however, that the drawings and detailed description hereafter relating thereto are not intended to limit the claimed subject matter to the particular form disclosed. Rather, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the claimed subject matter.

(19) As used herein, the singular forms a, an, and the include plural aspects unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

(20) This disclosure provides semiconductor structures, devices, diamond current aperture vertical transistors, and methods of making and using the same.

(21) Specific structures, devices, transistors, and methods relating to diamond current aperture vertical transistors have been disclosed. It should be apparent to those skilled in the art that many additional modifications beside those already described are possible without departing from the inventive concepts. In interpreting this disclosure, all terms should be interpreted in the broadest possible manner consistent with the context. Variations of the term comprising should be interpreted as referring to elements, components, or steps in a non-exclusive manner, so the referenced elements, components, or steps can be combined with other elements, components, or steps that are not expressly referenced. Embodiments referenced as comprising certain elements are also contemplated as consisting essentially of and consisting of those elements.

(22) The exceptional electronic, thermal, and mechanical properties of diamond make diamond an ideal candidate for applications in high power devices which can operate in extreme environments of temperature and radiation. The high carrier mobility of diamond (>1800 centimeters squared per volt-second (cm.sup.2/V-s) for holes and >2100 cm.sup.2/V-s) can enable realization of devices with large output current and low ON-Resistance (R.sub.on). The wide bandgap of diamond can facilitate realization of devices with breakdown fields in the range of 20 MV/cm which can bring a drastic reduction in form factor. Electronic devices made using diamond can have large thermal conductivity (e.g., 22-25 W/cm.Math.K) and can have a low coefficient of thermal expansion (0.45 parts per million (ppm)/K at 200 K to 5.87 ppm/K at 1600 K) which can enable operation at very high temperatures and can also improve the overall system efficiency due to the absence of an external cooling system.

(23) The high bandgap of diamond can facilitate fabrication of switches which can offer voltage control in the 10 kilovolt (kV) range which is currently not achievable using other materials. FIG. 1 is a chart from S. Shikata, Single crystal diamond wafers for high power electronics, Diamond Relat. Mater., vol. 65, pp. 168-175, May 2016, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, showing examples of the projected range and areas of application of diamond power devices. For example, diamond can also offer a cheaper, more robust and smaller alternative to vacuum tubes. As another example, the exceptional properties of diamond can allow it to compete with SiC and GaN for microwave applications up to 100 GHz. As yet another example, diamond devices can be ideal for traction control where a high starting torque at low initial speed is needed.

(24) Fabricating devices using diamond can result in a reduction in form factor that can facilitate miniaturization of the size of electronic control nodes. Such nodes are an integral part of electric power systems, and can be especially important as technology moves towards renewable forms of energy where small interconnected nodes with variable capability can be used to form the generation, distribution and control network.

(25) Diamond devices can have both lateral and vertical topologies. When exposed to hydrogen plasma diamond can form a hydrogen(H)-terminated layer on the surface. This diamond surface can be lightly p-type or even undoped. The H-terminated diamond, when exposed to air and/or on adsorption of certain gas species (e.g., NO.sub.2, Ozone (O.sub.3), NO, SO.sub.2, and others), can form a two-dimensional hole gas. In a lateral configuration which utilizes this two-dimensional hole gas, a dielectric layer (typically Al.sub.2O.sub.3, HfO.sub.2, MoO.sub.2, LaAlO.sub.3, or the like, or a combination of these) is deposited above the channel with the source and drain on the same plane; whereas the gate sits on top of the channel acting as the control electrode modulating the charge flow through the channel. In an alternate lateral configuration, diamond devices can also be fabricated using a Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) configuration. A lightly p-type channel is sandwiched between n.sup.+ layer on which the gate is fabricated. The source and drain ohmic contacts can then form using heavily doped p.sup.+ contacts below them. An n-type channel configuration can also be realized by appropriately reversing the polarities.

(26) In certain aspects an ohmic contact might be deposited on the source and drain contact and the gate can be formed by a schottky contact to modulate the charge flow.

(27) In certain aspects of the lateral configuration a heterojunction between diamond and a higher bandgap material (like AlN, or BN) can be used where holes accumulate in the diamond close to the interface to form the channel.

(28) In certain aspects the FETs can be fabricated using a delta doped channel formed by a thin heavily boron doped p-type channel around the order of 1 nm and a doping concentration >1E20/cm.sup.3. To remove any parasitic leakage paths one or more compensation techniques can be used, such as by using an n-type dopant like Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Arsenic, Sulfur, or the like.

(29) The high frequency response of a field effect transistor can be determined by a FET's saturation velocity. Diamond with an optical phonon energy as high as 160 milli-electron volts meV can have one of the highest saturation velocities: in the range of about 0.85-.1.210.sup.7 cm/s for holes and about 1.5-2.710.sup.7 cm/s for electrons. The advantage of diamond lies in the fact that these velocities can be reached at relatively low magnitudes of electric field in the range of 10 kV/cm.

(30) In some cases, the product of the cutoff-frequency (f.sub.T) and the maximum operating voltage (V.sub.max) can be used to compare different field effect transistors. FIG. 2 shows a graph of f.sub.T versus V.sub.max for diamond and other semiconductors from H. Kawarada, High-Current Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors on H-Terminated Diamond Surfaces and Their High-Frequency Operation, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 51, pp. 090111-1-090111-6, Sep. 2012, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. As shown in FIG. 2, diamond surface channel FETs are predicted to have a relatively high maximum applied voltage (V.sub.max) for a given f.sub.T. Additionally, diamond surface channel FETs have demonstrated relatively high values for f.sub.T, f.sub.max, and output power at 1 GHz. For example, certain diamond surface channel FETs have been demonstrated to have an f.sub.T of 53 GHz, an f.sub.max 120 GHz and an output power of 2.1 milliwatts per millimeter (mW/mm) at 1 GHz (see, e.g., S. A. O. Russell et al., Hydrogen-Terminated Diamond Field-Effect Transistors With Cutoff Frequency of 53 GHz, IEEE Electron Device Lett., vol. 33, no. 10, pp. 1471-1473, Oct. 2012; K. Ueda et al., Diamond FET Using High-Quality Polycrystalline Diamond with fT of 45 GHz and f.sub.max of 120 GHz, IEEE Electron Device. Lett., vol. 27, no. 7, pp. 570-572, Jul. 2006; and M. Kasu et al., 2 W/mm output power density at 1 GHz for diamond FETs, IEEE Electron Lett., vol. 41, no. 22, pp. 1249-1250, Oct. 2005; each of the preceding references is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety).

(31) Referring to FIGS. 3A-3C, in certain aspects, a semiconductor structure 300, a device 301A, or a diamond current aperture vertical transistor 301 of the present disclosure can comprise one or more of the following: a substrate 302, a drain 303, a current spreading layer 303A, a drift layer 304, a current blocking layer (CBL) 305, an aperture region 306, a p diamond layer 307, a two dimensional hole gas (2DHG) layer 308, a gate 309, a source 310, vias 310A, an insulating layer 311A, and a dielectric layer 311.

(32) The drain 303 can serve as the base of the semiconductor structure 300, device 301A, or diamond current aperture vertical transistor 301 of the present invention. The drain 303 is the target for the flow of holes through the device 301A or diamond vertical transistor 301. The drain 303 can comprise a drain material. In certain aspects, any material that functions suitably as a drain and allows growth of a layer coupled to and disposed adjacent to the drain 303 in the vertical direction can be used with the present invention.

(33) In certain aspects, the drain 303 can have a thickness ranging from about 1 nm to about 2.0 mm. In aspects in which the drain 303 is very thin, the semiconductor structure 300 can be bonded to a carrier wafer.

(34) The substrate 302 can be coupled to the drain 303 and disposed adjacent to the drain 303 in the vertical direction. Alternatively, the drain 303 can be coupled to the substrate 302 and disposed adjacent to the substrate 302 in the vertical direction. In certain aspects, a single material can serve as both the drain 303 and the substrate 302.

(35) The substrate 302 can comprise a substrate material. Examples of suitable substrate materials include, but are not limited to, type I and type II single crystal diamond, and cubic boron nitride (c-BN).

(36) In certain non-limiting aspects, the substrate 302 can have a thickness ranging from about 1 nm to about 2.0 mm. Alternatively, the substrate 302 can have a thickness within a different range. A thin substrate 302 can be bonded to a carrier substrate for ease of making and using the same.

(37) A current spreading layer 303A can be coupled to the drain 303 or the substrate 302 and disposed adjacent to the respective drain 303 or substrate 302 in the vertical direction.

(38) The current spreading layer 303A can comprise a current spreading material. Examples of suitable current spreading material include, but are not limited to, p+/n+ diamond, and p and n type diamond.

(39) In certain aspects, the current spreading layer 303A can have a thickness ranging from about 1 nm to about 2 mm. Alternatively, the current spreading layer 303A can have a thickness within a different range.

(40) The current spreading material can comprise a current spreading dopant. In certain aspects, the current spreading dopant can comprise boron, sodium, lithium, hydrogen, phosphorus, nitrogen, arsenic, sulfur, and the like. In certain aspects, the current spreading material can comprise current spreading dopant in an amount ranging from about 110.sup.17 cm.sup.3 to about 510.sup.21 cm.sup.3. Alternatively, the current spreading material can comprise spreading dopant in an amount within a different range. In certain aspects, the current spreading material can have a carrier mobility ranging from about 5 cm.sup.2/V.Math.s to about 1100 cm.sup.2/V.Math.s. Alternatively, the current spreading material can have a carrier mobility within a different range.

(41) The drift layer 304 can be coupled to the drain 303, the substrate 302, or the current spreading layer 303A, and disposed adjacent to the respective drain 303, substrate 302, or current spreading layer 303A in the vertical direction.

(42) The drift layer 304 can comprise a drift region material. Examples of suitable drift region materials include, but are not limited to, p diamond, n diamond, and intrinsic diamond.

(43) In certain aspects, the drift layer 304 can have a thickness of at least about 500 nm. Alternatively, the drift layer 304 can have any other thickness.

(44) The drift region material can comprise a drift region dopant. In certain aspects, the drift region dopant can comprise boron, sodium, lithium, hydrogen, phosphorus, nitrogen, arsenic, sulfur, and the like. In certain aspects, the drift region material can comprise drift region dopant in an amount ranging from about 110.sup.13 cm.sup.3 to about 510.sup.17 cm.sup.3. Alternatively, the drift region material can comprise drift region dopant in an amount within a different range. In certain aspects, the drift region material can have a carrier mobility ranging from about 50 cm.sup.2/V.Math.s to >2000 cm.sup.2/V.Math.s. Alternatively, the drift region material can have a carrier mobility within a different range.

(45) The CBL 305 can comprise a barrier material. The character of the barrier material can be impacted by the character of the materials immediately adjacent to the barrier material, in particular, the 2DHG-containing material. In other words, the barrier material can exhibit current blocking properties under some conditions and can lack current blocking properties under other conditions. In preferred aspects, the barrier material can be lattice matched so that an epitaxial high quality material on which the channel forms can be grown. The quality of the barrier material can have a significant effect on the mobility and charge concentration in the channel. Examples of suitable barrier layer materials include, but are not limited to, p- or n-type diamond, oxygen-terminated diamond, insulating diamond, intrinsic diamond, c-BN, and AlN.

(46) In certain aspects, the CBL 305 and the aperture region 306 can be comprised of the same material. In certain aspects, the CBL 305 and the aperture region 306 can be formed by doping or implantation. In preferred aspects, the CBL 305 and the aperture region 306 may not be formed by a regrowth process.

(47) In certain aspects, the CBL 305 is grown as an epitaxial layer on top of the drift layer 304 and offers a barrier to the flow of carriers. A phosphorus doped n-type layer can offer a barrier to the flow of holes and likewise p-type to the flow of electrons. The aperture region 306 can be etched and regrown in this aspect, which can involve lateral epitaxial overgrowth. In certain aspects, the CBL 305 can be formed by ion-implantation, such that post-implantation the CBL 305 region of the structure is rendered insulating. In certain aspects, the CBL 305 can be formed by rendering a diamond film insulating using an ultraviolet-ozone (UV-ozone) process (e.g., in which molecules of oxygen are broken down and synthesized into ozone molecules, and the ozone molecules are decomposed to generate activated oxygen), or through exposure to oxygen plasma (O-plasma), which can render it insulating. In certain aspects, a conductive layer can be grown and part of it compensated using ion-implantation. The compensated region forms the CBL 305 and the un-compensated doped region forms the aperture region 306. In certain aspects, the CBL 305 can be formed by compensation using ion-implantation followed by suitable doping which offers a barrier to the flow of carriers in the device structure. In certain aspects, a material which can have a suitable band-offset with diamond can be used as a barrier material. Such a material can be, but is not limited to, c-BN which is: lattice matched to diamond; can have a larger bandgap than 6.4 eV; and can have a valence band offset as shown in FIG. 4. The CBL 305 can be grown by selective area regrowth by etching away the appropriate regions of the layer forming the aperture region 306. In preferred aspects, the CBL 305 can be formed by selective area regrowth after the appropriate region of the layer forming the aperture is etched away.

(48) In certain aspects, the aperture region 306 can be formed using selective area regrowth, implantation, compensation, and/or techniques similar to the growth of the CBL 305 region as described above. In certain aspects, utilizing the selective area regrowth approach, the vertical growth rate may be greater than the lateral growth rate, and in this case there may be formation of overgrowth structures at the interface of the CBL 305 and the aperture region 306, which may result in early breakdown due to the peak of the electric field being at these sharp edges. A diamond polish step following regrowth can render the surface smooth for regrowth of the 2DHG containing layer.

(49) In certain aspects, the CBL 305 and the aperture region 306 can be formed by a two-step implantation of intrinsic diamond where the other layer is masked appropriately using photoresist, metal, hard mask, or the like, resulting in a self-aligned structure.

(50) In certain aspects, the 2DHG layer 308 can comprise a 2DHG. The 2DHG can have an electron density ranging from about 110.sup.11 cm.sup.2 to about 110.sup.14 cm.sup.2. Alternatively, the 2DHG can have an electron density within a different range. The 2DHG can have a hole mobility ranging from about 10 cm.sup.2/V.Math.s to about 300 cm.sup.2/V.Math.s. Alternatively, the 2DHG can have a hole mobility within a different range.

(51) The 2DHG layer 308 can be formed by H-terminating the diamond surface which may or may not be doped. Note that H-termination of the diamond surface alone may not be sufficient to cause formation of the 2DHG. For example, H-termination in combination with exposure to atmospheric air can, in certain aspects, cause the initial formation of the 2DHG. In certain aspects, the charge density can be increased to about 510.sup.13/cm.sup.2 to about 110.sup.14/cm.sup.2 by exposure to species which include, but are not limited to Nitrogen Oxide (NO.sub.2) and ozone (O.sub.3). Alternatively, the charge density can be increased to any other pre-determined value. In preferred aspects, the charge can be supplied by the dielectric material.

(52) Suitable dielectric materials can have a valence band offset in order to form a barrier to holes, or holes and electrons, at the diamond-dielectric interface. FIG. 4 shows a graph depicting the energy band offset of different materials with respect to diamond from S. Yamasaki, et al. Doping and interface of homoepitaxial diamond for electronic applications, MRS Bull., vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 499-503, Jun. 2014, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

(53) The gate 309 can be positioned above the channel. In preferred aspects, the flow of holes through the aperture region 306 can be modulated by the gate 309.

(54) The gate 309 can comprise a gate material. In certain aspects, any material that functions as a gate is suitable for use in the present invention as a gate material. The gate material can preferably be an electrical conductor. Examples of suitable gate materials include, but are not limited to, a metal (e.g., aluminum, nickel, lead, zirconium, etc.), a refractory metal (e.g., molybdenum, tungsten, etc.), a metal-containing compound, and the like.

(55) The gate 309 can have a portion overlapping with the aperture length (L.sub.ap) and a non-overlapping portion of the gate length (L.sub.go) as shown in FIGS. 3B-3C.

(56) The gate 309 can be placed on top of the aperture 306, which may have an aperture length ranging from about 0.01 micrometers (m) to about 30 m. Alternatively, the aperture length can be within any predetermined range. The gate 309 can have a full gate length ranging from about 0.02 m to about 50 m. Alternatively, the gate length can be within any predetermined range.

(57) The source 310 can be coupled to the 2DHG layer 308. In preferred aspects, the source can be coupled to the 2DHG layer 308.

(58) A source can comprise a source contact material. In certain aspects, any material that functions as a source contact is suitable for use in the present invention as a source contact material. The source contact material can preferably be an electrical conductor. Examples of suitable source contact materials include, but are not limited to, titanium, platinum, gold, molybdenum, graphite, palladium, doped c-BN, and polycrystalline or implanted regions of diamond.

(59) The device 301A or diamond vertical transistor 301 can further comprise a drain contact coupled to the drain 303, a gate contact coupled to the gate 309, a source contact coupled to the source 310, or a combination thereof.

(60) The drain contact can comprise a drain contact material. The gate contact can comprise a gate contact material. The source contact can comprise a source contact material. The drain contact material, gate contact material, or source contact material can preferably be an electrical conductor. Examples of suitable drain, gate, or source contact materials include, but are not limited to, a metal (e.g., titanium, zirconium, palladium, platinum, gold, aluminum, molybdenum, etc.), graphite, doped c-BN, doped polycrystalline diamond, implanted regions of diamond, and the like, or combinations thereof.

(61) The device 301A and diamond vertical transistors 301 of the present invention can comprise a dielectric layer 311 as shown in FIGS. 3B-3C adapted and positioned to provide electrical insulation between one or more of the gate 309, the 2DHG layer 308, the CBL 305, and the drift layer 304.

(62) In certain aspects, the device 301A or diamond vertical transistor 301 can be an enhancement mode (i.e., normally OFF) or a depletion mode (i.e., normally ON) device or transistor. A normally OFF mode is when no drain current flows and the gate 309 is not biased. A normally OFF operation can simplify the circuit design, for example, in the invertor circuit of automobiles, and can help simplify the needed mounting technologies.

(63) Semiconductor structures 300, devices 301A, and diamond current aperture vertical transistors 301 configured in accordance with the subject matter described herein can have a height in the vertical direction ranging from about 55 m to about 2.0 mm. Alternatively, semiconductor structures 300, devices 301A, and diamond current aperture vertical transistors 301 configured in accordance with the subject matter described herein can have a height in the vertical direction within a different range. Semiconductor structures 300, devices 301A, and diamond current aperture vertical transistors 301 configured in accordance with the subject matter described herein can have a length in a direction perpendicular to the vertical direction ranging from about 10.0 m to about 100.0 m. Alternatively, semiconductor structures 300, devices 301A, and diamond current aperture vertical transistors 301 configured in accordance with the subject matter described herein can have a length in a direction perpendicular to the vertical direction within a different range. In certain aspects, the semiconductor structures 300, devices 301A, and diamond current aperture vertical transistors 301 configured in accordance with the subject matter described herein can be scaled to create a multiplexed system (for example, in a multiple finger geometry) having larger physical dimensions in a direction perpendicular to the vertical direction. In such aspects, the multiplexed system can have a length in a direction perpendicular to the vertical direction of up to about 10.0 mm. Alternatively, the multiplexed system can have a length in a direction perpendicular to the vertical direction of any other specified length.

(64) In certain aspects, devices 301A, and diamond current aperture vertical transistors 301 configured in accordance with the subject matter described herein can have an On/Off current ratio ranging from about 10.sup.3 to about 10.sup.10. Alternatively, the On/Off current ratio can be within a different range.

(65) Devices 301A, and diamond current aperture vertical transistors 301 configured in accordance with the subject matter described herein can have improved breakdown voltage and high temperature/radiation environment operational capability when compared with conventional devices and transistors.

(66) A person having ordinary skill in the art should appreciate that a threshold voltage can be determined using techniques known in the art. The threshold voltage can vary based on the thickness and composition of the layers of devices 301A, and diamond current aperture vertical transistors 301 configured in accordance with the subject matter described herein. Devices 301A, and diamond current aperture vertical transistors 301 configured in accordance with the subject matter described herein can have a threshold voltage (V.sub.t) of at least about 0.001 mV. Alternatively, the present invention can have any value of V.sub.t.

(67) This disclosure also provides methods of making a semiconductor structure 300, device 301A, or diamond current aperture vertical transistor 301A. The methods can comprise one or more of the following steps.

(68) Referring to FIG. 11, the present disclosure provides a method 1100 of making a semiconductor structure 300, device 301A, or diamond current aperture vertical transistor 301. At process block 1101, the method 1100 can include obtaining, forming, or growing a substrate. At process block 1103, the method 1100 can include obtaining, forming, or growing a drain. At process block 1105, the method 1100 can include obtaining, forming, or growing a current spreading layer. At process block 1107, the method 1100 can include obtaining forming, or growing a drift layer. At process block 1109, the method 1100 can include obtaining, forming, or growing a CBL. At process block 1111, the method 1100 can include obtaining, forming, or growing a 2DHG layer. At process block 1113, the method 1100 can include depositing dielectric material. At process block 1115, the method 1100 can include obtaining or forming a source.

(69) In certain aspects, the methods can comprise growing or forming a drain coupled to the substrate and disposed adjacent to the substrate in the vertical direction. In certain aspects, the methods can comprise growing or forming a substrate coupled to the drain and disposed adjacent to the substrate in the vertical direction.

(70) In aspects where the current spreading layer is grown or formed, the methods can comprise growing or forming a current spreading layer coupled to the drain or substrate and disposed adjacent to the drain or substrate in the vertical direction.

(71) In aspects where the drift layer is grown or formed, the methods can comprise growing or forming a drift layer coupled to the current spreading layer and disposed adjacent to the current spreading layer in the vertical direction.

(72) In aspects where the CBL is grown or formed, the methods can comprise growing or forming the CBL coupled to the drift layer and disposed adjacent to the drift layer in the vertical direction.

(73) In aspects where the 2DHG-containing layer is grown or formed, the methods can comprise growing or forming the 2DHG-containing layer coupled to the p layer and disposed adjacent to it in the vertical direction.

(74) The methods can comprise depositing a dielectric material on the top surface of the 2DHG on which the gate electrode is formed.

(75) The methods can comprise growing or forming a source coupled to the 2DHG layer, and optionally coupled to the 2DHG.

(76) Obtaining, growing or forming can comprise microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD), ion implantation, diffusion, or combinations thereof. Obtaining can further comprise simply acquiring the target of the obtaining step. An example of obtaining includes, but is not limited to, purchasing from a vendor.

(77) In certain aspects, the method does not include a regrowth step.

(78) In certain aspects, the devices can be isolated from each other using a partial mesa etch by etching and stopping within the drift region using inductively coupled plasma (ICP), reactive-ion etching (RIE) etching methods, or the like. In certain aspects, isolation can be achieved either by exposure to a UV-ozone atmosphere or chemical treatment which renders the diamond surface non-conducting by oxygen (O)-terminating it. In certain aspects, the devices can be isolated by ion implantation which can destroy the crystal structure in the isolated regions rendering it isolating. In such aspects, the electric field peak associated with sharp edges that may be caused by conventional mesa isolation using RIE and ICP etching can be avoided.

(79) In certain aspects, devices 301A, and diamond current aperture vertical transistors 301 configured in accordance with the subject matter described herein can be passivated using a suitable dielectric or passivation layer. Suitable passivation layers can include but are not limited to SiO.sub.2, AlN, LaAl.sub.2O.sub.3, and Al.sub.2O.sub.3. FIG. 4 shows a set of materials which can be chosen as a dielectric depending on their valence band offset.

(80) Referring to FIGS. 8A-8C, in certain aspects, a semiconductor structure 800, a device 801A, or a diamond current aperture vertical transistor 801 of the present disclosure can comprise one or more of the following: a substrate 802, a drain 803, a current spreading layer 803A, a drift layer 804, a current blocking layer (CBL) 805, an aperture 806, a 2DGH layer 807, a p-type delta doped channel 808, a gate 809, vias 810A, an insulating layer 811A, and a source 810. The gate 809 can have a portion overlapping with the aperture length (Lap) and a non-overlapping portion of the gate length (Lgo) as shown in FIGS. 8B-8C.

(81) The devices 801A, and the diamond current aperture vertical transistors 801 configured in accordance with the subject matter described herein can comprise a dielectric layer 811 as shown in FIGS. 8B-8C. The dielectric layer 811 can be adapted and positioned to provide electrical insulation between one or more of the gate 809, the p-type delta doped channel 808, and the 2DHG layer 807, the CBL 805, and the drift layer 804.

(82) Referring to FIGS. 9A-9C, in certain aspects, a semiconductor structure 900, a device 901A, or a diamond current aperture vertical transistor 901 of the present disclosure can comprise one or more of the following: a substrate 902, a drain 903, a current spreading layer 903A, a drift layer 904, a current blocking layer (CBL) 905, an aperture 906, a p-type channel layer 907, an n-type diamond gate-adjacent layer 908, a gate 909, vias 910A, an insulating layer 911A, and a source 910. The gate 909 can have a portion overlapping with the aperture length (Lap) and a non-overlapping portion of the gate length (Lgo) as shown in FIGS. 8B-8C.

(83) An n-type channel configuration can also be realized by appropriately reversing the doping to a donor type, such as P or N.

(84) Referring to FIG. 10, in certain aspects, it can be beneficial to form the structure for the fabrication of the transistor by using an as-grown structure 1001, consisting of a drain 1002, a drift region 1003, and an intrinsic or nominally doped diamond or c-BN layer 1004 is considered. A photoresist layer or hard mask 1005 can be comprised of, but is not limited to, SiO.sub.2, SiNx, a metal or the like, and can be deposited on the structure 1001. The photoresist layer or hard mask 1005 can be etched off in the region where the aperture is to be formed and an aperture 1006 can be formed by ion implantation with Boron or a species which can dope diamond p-type. A blanket metal or photoresist deposition can be performed on the whole structure, before the SiO.sub.2 is removed using appropriate chemicals such as Hydrofluoric Acid, Buffered Oxide Etch, or a species which does not etch the metal to form a structure 1007. In case of a photoresist mask, an oxygen plasma can be used. A CBL 1008 can be formed using ion implantation using phosphorus, arsenic, or any species which dopes the diamond n-type. The metal can be etched off in a suitable etchant. The channel and source can be formed using methods described earlier to form the structure 1009 for fabrication of the transistor.

(85) The present disclosure can be further understood by way of the following non-limiting examples.

EXAMPLES

Example 1. Diamond Current Aperture Vertical Transistor with Epitaxially Grown Doped Diamond Current Block Layer

(86) In this particular aspect, the CBL can be grown epitaxially adjacent to the drift layer, and in a direction vertical to that of the drift layer, using MPCVD. The aperture can be formed by etching off the CBL and regrowth. The channel can then be grown on top of aperture in the vertical direction, and can be formed after hydrogen terminating the grown layer which may or may not be doped. The 2DHG can be formed after exposure to certain species such as, but not limited to, atmospheric air, NO.sub.2, and Ozone. In such aspects, the charge density in the 2DHG layer can be >1E11/cm.sup.2.

(87) Two terminal tests were performed to test the blocking capability of these structures. The CBL in combination with the drift layer and drain can function like a diode. In certain aspects, the doping in the CBL region can range from about 5E17-5E20/cm.sup.3, 1E13-1E16/cm.sup.3 in the drift region and 5E17-5E21/cm.sup.3 in the drain region.

(88) In certain aspects, the structure can be grown on a non-conducting type IIa single crystal diamond substrate. A hard mask consisting of SiO.sub.2 can be deposited using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, patterned using standard photolithography and etched in a RIE system. In certain aspects, the hard mask can be deposited by placing the diamond sample in a recess in a carrier wafer to obtain uniform film thickness. In aspects where etches >500 nm are needed, the etch can be performed in steps of 15 mins and the RIE system can be purged between etching with nitrogen to bring it near atmospheric pressure before stopping and letting the photoresist cool in order to prevent carbonization of the photoresist. After the hard mask etch, the photoresist can be removed using photoresist stripper or solvent and the diamond can be etched in an oxygen plasma with 38 standard cubic centimeters per minute (sccm) Oxygen and 2 sccm of SF.sub.6 at 7 millitorr (mT) process pressure and 30 mT strike pressure. The diamond can have a selectivity of 5:3 with respect to SiO.sub.2. In certain aspects, a common contact to the drain can be used. In certain aspects, the substrate can be a type IIb Boron doped p-type substrate. The inset of FIG. 5 shows that a turn-on voltage of 4.5-5V was measured in structures fabricated on a (100)-type IIa substrate, and the forward current density was measured to be 20 A/cm.sup.2 at 20 V.

(89) FIG. 5 shows the diode characteristics where a breakdown voltage of 994 V at a current level of 1E-3 A/cm.sup.2 was measured. The measurements were performed using a Keithley 2410 Sourcemeter (available commercially from Tektronix, of Beaverton, Oreg.) having a least count of 1 nA. The device showing the characteristics shown in FIGS. 5-6 was a circular diode 30 microns in diameter.

(90) In preferred aspects, a mesa etch is performed to isolate each device by etching down from the top active layer in the vertical direction and stopping in the drift region. This method reduces the leakage current considerably as shown in FIG. 6 for the case of PIN structures grown on (111)-oriented type IIb substrates using MPCVD.

(91) FIG. 7 shows the Capacitance (C) vs Voltage (V) and 1/C.sup.2 vs V characteristics of diodes fabricated on (111)-oriented type IIb diamond substrates with a 30 kilohertz (kHz) AC signal and 30-50 mV AC root mean square (rms) voltage. The built-in voltage of these diodes fabricated on (111)-oriented diamond substrates obtained from the 1/C.sup.2 vs V characteristics was 4.3 V, which is close to the observed turn-on voltage in FIG. 7. The carrier concentration in the space charge region was calculated to be 6E14/cm.sup.3. The thickness of the drift region was calculated to be 530 nm. The blocking voltage at a current level of 1 A/cm.sup.2 was 207 V corresponding to a breakdown field of 3.9 MV/cm, which is greater than the theoretically predicted breakdown field of both SiC and GaN. A person having ordinary skill in the art should appreciate that the functionality of the device used to generate the values shown in FIG. 7 was achieved by growing high quality doped diamond thin films devoid of major defects, and not by implantation. The breakdown field in this example is expected to be close to the values demonstrated by the CBL described herein. In any case, such devices require an aperture through which the current can flow. FIGS. 6 and 7 also appeared in M. Dutta, et al., High Voltage Diodes in Diamond Using (100)- and (111)-Substrates, in IEEE Electron Device Letters, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 600-603, May 2017, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

Example 2. Diamond Current Aperture Vertical Transistor with Implanted CBL or Aperture

(92) In this particular aspect, the CBL and the aperture of the diamond current aperture vertical transistor can be formed using implantation. A layer of photoresist, dielectric, metal, or the like, can be used to pattern the region being implanted and also shift the peak of the doping profile to be near the surface. The layer can be removed by appropriate chemical treatment after implantation like, but not limited to, treatment with a heated acid solution of nitric acid, perchloric acid, and sulfuric acid. In certain aspects, the CBL can be formed by damage where the CBL region is rendered insulating. In preferred aspects, a series of implant steps can be used to obtain a more uniform distribution.

Example 3. Diamond Current Aperture Vertical Transistor with Heterojunction

(93) In this particular aspect, a heterojunction of AlN or a wide bandgap material like, but not limited to, BN and diamond can be used to form the p-type channel instead of p or undoped diamond. Referring to FIGS. 3B-3C, the p-diamond layer 307 can be formed using the wider bandgap material like AlN or BN. Holes can be accumulated in the diamond to form the p-type channel. The surface of the diamond can be either oxygen terminated or hydrogen terminated.

Example 4. Diamond Current Aperture Vertical Transistor with Delta Doped Channel

(94) In this particular aspect, a delta doped channel can be formed by a Boron-doped layer grown using MPCVD. To achieve effective charge modulation, sheet charge density can be <10.sup.13/cm.sup.3 for which a boron doping of >10.sup.20/cm.sup.3 is required with a thickness of the order of 1 nm. Compensation doping using implantation may be required to achieve the 1 nm delta doped profile. Compensation species can include but are not limited to Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Arsenic, Sulphur, and the like. The resulting transistor can have a structure that is substantially similar to that shown in FIGS. 8A-8C.

Example 5. Diamond Current Aperture Vertical Transistor Using JFET Approach

(95) In this particular aspect, a diamond current aperture vertical transistor can be fabricated using a JFET configuration. A lightly p-type channel can be sandwiched between an n.sup.+ layer on which the gate is to be fabricated. Source and drain ohmic contacts can then be formed using heavily doped p+ contacts below them. The resulting transistor can have a structure that is substantially similar to that shown in FIGS. 9A-9C.

Example 6. Diamond Current Aperture Vertical Transistor Using Heteroepitaxially Grown CBL

(96) In this particular aspect, the CBL can be formed by a wider bandgap material which offers a barrier to the flow of carriers. The CBL can be either grown and the region of the aperture can be etched and regrown, or likewise the aperture can be grown and the CBL region can be etched and regrown, using the wider bandgap material. The wider bandgap material can have a bandgap offset with diamond allowing it to block either electrons or holes depending on conduction or valence band offset, respectively.

(97) FIG. 4 shows the bandgap offset of different materials with respect to diamond. c-BN in particular offers a particular advantage of being lattice matched to diamond, which would enable growing the channel layer on top epitaxially.

(98) Each of the following patent applications, which generally relate to the manufacture and/or use of semiconductor devices, is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety: Koeck et al. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0330746; Chowdhury et al. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0137137; and Chowdhury et al. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0319127.

(99) For the avoidance of doubt, aspects of the present disclosure described with respect to the systems are applicable to the methods, and aspects described with respect to the methods are applicable to the systems.

(100) It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that while the invention has been described above in connection with particular embodiments/aspects and examples, the invention is not necessarily so limited, and that numerous other embodiments, examples, uses, modifications and departures from the embodiments, examples and uses are intended to be encompassed by the claims attached hereto.