Aqueous electrolytes comprising fluorenone/fluorenol derivatives are disclosed. The electrolyte may be an anolyte for an aqueous redox flow battery. In some embodiments, the compound, or salt thereof, has a structure according to any one of formulas I-III ##STR00001##
where Q.sup.1-Q.sup.4 independently are CH, C(R.sup.1) or N, wherein 0, 1, or 2 of Q.sup.1-Q.sup.4 are N; Q.sup.5-Q.sup.8 independently are CH, C(R.sup.2), or N, wherein 0, 1, or 2 of Q.sup.5-Q.sup.8 are N; Y is C═O or C(H)OH; R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 independently are an electron withdrawing group; n is an integer >1; and x and y independently are 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, where at least one of x and y is not 0.

Aqueous electrolytes comprising fluorenone/fluorenol derivatives are disclosed. The electrolyte may be an anolyte for an aqueous redox flow battery. In some embodiments, the compound, or salt thereof, has a structure according to any one of formulas I-III ##STR00001##
where Q.sup.1-Q.sup.4 independently are CH, C(R.sup.1) or N, wherein 0, 1, or 2 of Q.sup.1-Q.sup.4 are N; Q.sup.5-Q.sup.8 independently are CH, C(R.sup.2), or N, wherein 0, 1, or 2 of Q.sup.5-Q.sup.8 are N; Y is C═O or C(H)OH; R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 independently are an electron withdrawing group; n is an integer >1; and x and y independently are 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, where at least one of x and y is not 0.

A compound of formula (I): ##STR00001## wherein p is at least 1, n is at least 1 and less than or equal to p; Ar is a polycyclic aromatic moiety, R.sup.1 is hydrogen or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group and each of R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 is independently an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group, provided that at least one of R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 has at least 6 carbon atoms.

A compound of formula (I): ##STR00001## wherein p is at least 1, n is at least 1 and less than or equal to p; Ar is a polycyclic aromatic moiety, R.sup.1 is hydrogen or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group and each of R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 is independently an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group, provided that at least one of R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 has at least 6 carbon atoms.

In an approach to improve the field of photoacid generators (PAGs) through a new photoacid generator, in particular to a photoacid generator comprising a new polycyclic aromatic photoacid generator compound anion, and a photoresist composition, comprising said photoacid generator. Embodiments the present invention relate to a method of generating an acid using said photoresist composition and a method of forming a patterned materials feature on a substrate.

Crystalline molecular framework:small molecule compounds. The molecular framework is formed from guanidinium cations and organosulfonate anions and the guanidinium cations and organosulfonate anions are associated via one or more hydrogen bond. The small molecule(s) is/are encapsulated by the molecular framework. Methods for making crystalline molecular framework:small molecule compounds may include combining guanidinium cations, organosulfonate anions, and small molecules in a single step. The crystalline molecular framework:small molecule compounds can be used to determine the structure of the small molecule(s).

Crystalline molecular framework:small molecule compounds. The molecular framework is formed from guanidinium cations and organosulfonate anions and the guanidinium cations and organosulfonate anions are associated via one or more hydrogen bond. The small molecule(s) is/are encapsulated by the molecular framework. Methods for making crystalline molecular framework:small molecule compounds may include combining guanidinium cations, organosulfonate anions, and small molecules in a single step. The crystalline molecular framework:small molecule compounds can be used to determine the structure of the small molecule(s).

Aqueous electrolytes comprising fluorenone/fluorenol derivatives are disclosed. The electrolyte may be an anolyte for an aqueous redox flow battery. In some embodiments, the compound, or salt thereof, has a structure according to any one of formulas I-III

##STR00001##

where Q.sup.1-Q.sup.4 independently are CH, C(R.sup.1) or N, wherein 0, 1, or 2 of Q.sup.1-Q.sup.4 are N; Q.sup.5-Q.sup.8 independently are CH, C(R.sup.2), or N, wherein 0, 1, or 2 of Q.sup.5-Q.sup.8 are N; Y is C═O or C(H)OH; R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 independently are an electron withdrawing group; n is an integer >1; and x and y independently are 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, where at least one of x and y is not 0.

Aqueous electrolytes comprising fluorenone/fluorenol derivatives are disclosed. The electrolyte may be an anolyte for an aqueous redox flow battery. In some embodiments, the compound, or salt thereof, has a structure according to any one of formulas I-III

##STR00001##

where Q.sup.1-Q.sup.4 independently are CH, C(R.sup.1) or N, wherein 0, 1, or 2 of Q.sup.1-Q.sup.4 are N; Q.sup.5-Q.sup.8 independently are CH, C(R.sup.2), or N, wherein 0, 1, or 2 of Q.sup.5-Q.sup.8 are N; Y is C═O or C(H)OH; R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 independently are an electron withdrawing group; n is an integer >1; and x and y independently are 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, where at least one of x and y is not 0.

A compound of formula (I):

##STR00001##

wherein p is at least 1, n is at least 1 and less than or equal to p; Ar is a polycyclic aromatic moiety, R.sup.1 is hydrogen or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group and each of R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 is independently an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group, provided that at least one of R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 has at least 6 carbon atoms.