Methods for rapid, efficient, and safe fluoridation and radiolabeling of established and new biomarkers are described. More specifically, the described herein methods may be used for fluoridation of biomarkers or to facilitate isotopic exchanges, especially .sup.19F/.sup.18F IEX, for rapid and efficient manufacturing of radiotracers, including radiotracers for positron emission tomography (PET), under clinically relevant conditions.

The invention relates to a process for the stepwise synthesis of silahydrocarbons bearing up to four different organyl substituents at the silicon atom, wherein the process includes at least one step a) of producing a bifunctional hydridochlorosilane by a redistribution reaction, selective chlorination of hydridosilanes with an ether/HCl reagent, or by selective chlorination of hydridosilanes with SiCl.sub.4, at least one step b) of submitting a bifunctional hydridochloromonosilane to a hydrosilylation reaction, at least one step c) of hydrogenation of a chloromonosilane, and a step d) in which a silahydrocarbon compound is obtained in a hydrosilylation reaction.

A method of synthesizing a high purity acryloxyalkyldimethylchlorosilane involves (a) reacting an acrylate salt with a haloalkyldimethylalkoxysilane to form an acryloxy-substituted alkyldimethylalkoxysilane; and (b) displacing the alkoxy group in the acryloxy-substituted alkyldimethylalkoxysilane using a chloride-containing compound to form the acryloxyalkyldimethylchlorosilane. The acryloxyalkyldimethylchlorosilane, which may be used as an end-capper for AROP, has a purity of greater than about 99% and contains no detectable isomeric or hydrogenated impurities.

Described are compounds of the structure R4—.sub.a—Si—(Sp-Y).sub.a—Z.sub.b, wherein “a” is integer from 1 to 4; “b” is an integer from 0 to (3×a); “Z,” which is absent when “b”“R” or formula (II), wherein each “R” is halogen, C.sub.1-6 linear or branched alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl or C.sub.1-6 linear or branched halo-alkyl, halo-alkenyl, or halo-alkynyl; each “Sp” C.sub.1-15 linear or branched alkylenyl or CMS linear or branched halo-alkylenyl; and each “Y” an organic polar group. Also described are electrolyte compositions containing one or more of these compounds.

Methods of synthesizing fluorosilanes containing cyano-substituted alkyl groups are provided. For example, 3-cyano-propyldimethylfluorosilane may be produced by reacting tetramethyldisiloxane and boron trifluoride to obtain fluorodimethylsilane and then reacting the fluorodimethylsilane with allyl cyanide, in the presence of a hydrosilylation catalyst

A method of forming chloro-substituted silanes from the reaction of an alkoxysilane with a chlorinating agent in the optional presence of a catalyst is provided. More specifically, chloro-substituted silanes, including but not limited to silicon tetrachloride, are formed by reacting a chlorinating agent, such as thionyl chloride, with an alkylalkoxysilane having the formula (R′O).sub.4-xSiR.sub.x, where R and R′ are independently selected alkyl groups comprising one or more carbon atoms and x is 0, 1, 2, or 3. The catalyst may be dimethylformamide, (chloromethylene)dimethyliminium chloride, or triethylamine, among others. The chloro-substituted silane formed in the reaction along with several by-products has the formula (R′O).sub.4-x-ySiR.sub.xCl.sub.y; where x is 0, 1, 2, or 3 and y is 1, 2, 3, or 4. One of the by-products of the reaction is an alkyl chloride.

The present invention provides, as one aspect, an electrolytic solution comprising a compound represented by the following formula (1) and a compound represented by the following formula (2): ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.1 to R.sup.3 each independently represent an alkyl group or a fluorine atom, R.sup.4 represents an alkylene group, and R.sup.5 represents an organic group comprising a sulfur atom and not comprising a nitrogen atom; and ##STR00002##
wherein R.sup.6 to R.sup.8 each independently represent an alkyl group or a fluorine atom, R.sup.9 represents an alkylene group, and R.sup.10 represents an organic group comprising a nitrogen atom and not comprising a sulfur atom.

Provided is a process for preparing certain silane precursor compounds, e.g., triiodosilane from trichlorosilane utilizing lithium iodide in powder form and catalyzed by tertiary amines. The process provides triiodosilane in high yields and high purity. Triiodosilane is a precursor compound useful in the atomic layer deposition of silicon onto various microelectronic device structures.

The invention relates to a process for the manufacture of organomonosilanes bearing both hydrogen and chlorine substituents at the silicon atom by subjecting a silane substrate comprising one or more silanes selected from organomonosilanes, organodisilanes and organocarbodisilanes, with the proviso that at least one of these silanes has at least one chlorine substituent at the silicon atom, to a redistribution reaction in the presence of a phosphane or amine acting as a redistribution catalyst.

Described are compounds of the structure R.sub.4-a—Si-((Sp-Y)—Z.sub.b).sub.a, wherein “a” is an integer from 1 to 3; “b” is an integer from 0 to (3×a); “Z,” which is absent when “b”=0, is halogen, C.sub.1-6 linear or branched alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl, C.sub.1-6 linear or branched halo-alkyl, halo-alkenyl, or halo-alkynyl, or

##STR00001##

wherein each “R” is halogen, C.sub.1-6 linear or branched alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl or C.sub.1-6 linear or branched halo-alkyl, halo-alkenyl, or halo-alkynyl; each “Sp” C.sub.1-15 linear or branched alkylenyl or C.sub.1-15 linear or branched halo-alkylenyl; and each “Y” an organic polar group. Also described are electrolyte compositions containing one or more of these compounds.