A gas sensor for detecting a physical and/or chemical value of an analysis gas, a corresponding manufacturing method, and operating method. The gas sensor is based on the principle of a thermal conductivity measurement with the aid of a sensor structure including a double meander structure made up of two resistor lines, as part of a Wheatstone bridge circuit, on a diaphragm of a substrate. The two resistor lines are energized in opposite directions as a function of the detected temperature. The physical and/or chemical value(s) of the analysis gas are/is subsequently determined as a function of the voltages detected at the double meander structure.

A system and method to generate high voltage pulses for testing of electrical insulation is presented. The system is comprised of multiple bridges in series that are connected across the insulation through an output inductor. The switching of the bridges are timed to allow a resonant half-cycle of current through the output inductor and the effective capacitance of the insulation which results in a transition of the voltage across the insulation from one level to another. The sequence of switching of the bridges is swapped intermittently such that the dc links of the bridges are substantially kept balanced. In one embodiment, only the dc link of the first bridge is supplied from an external source, while the other bridges are fed via the chain of series bridges from the first bridge through the switching operation of the circuit.

In an embodiment, an apparatus is disclosed that comprises a plurality of resistors arranged as a reverse bridge and configured to convert an input voltage to a scaled output voltage. The scaled output voltage is scaled to a target format based at least in part on a range of the input voltage and a fixed value of the plurality of resistors. The input voltage is generated based at least in part on at least one signal generated by a sensor based at least in part on a measurement of a property of a measurement target. At least one of the plurality of resistors has a resistance value of R and at least another of the plurality of resistors has a resistance value of R plus or minus ΔR.

An impedance sensing circuit includes three impedance elements and a sensing element arranged in a bridge configuration. A first input terminal is coupled to two of the impedance elements to apply a stimulus signal. In a mutual-sensing mode, a second input terminal is coupled to the third impedance element and the sensing impedance element to apply an opposite phase stimulus signal. The impedance sensing circuit may be configured in a self-sensing mode, in which the opposite phase stimulus signal is decoupled from the third impedance element and the sensing impedance element. At least one of the impedance elements is variable and may be adjusted to balance an offset impedance load on the sensing element.

An electromagnetic flowmeter and a method for measuring a property of a fluid composition are provided. The electromagnetic flowmeter includes a first electric conductor with first and second ends, arranged inside a fluid conduit carrying a fluid composition comprising hydrocarbons, an RF electric signal source, and a first dual signal detector including first and second input ports. The first terminal of the electric signal source is connected to the first end of the first electric conductor and arranged to induce an RF electromagnetic wave in the fluid conduit by supplying an input electric signal to the first end of the first electric conductor. The first and second ports of the signal detector are connected to the first and second ends of the first electric conductor, respectively.

In an embodiment, an apparatus is disclosed that includes a plurality of resistors arranged as a reverse bridge and configured to convert an input voltage to a scaled output voltage. The scaled output voltage is scaled to a target format based at least in part on a range of the input voltage and a fixed value of the plurality of resistors. The input voltage is generated based at least in part on at least one signal generated by a sensor based at least in part on a measurement of a property of a measurement target.

An apparatus is provided, comprising: a plurality of terminals for coupling the apparatus to a sensing bridge; a switching circuitry that is coupled to at least one of the plurality of terminals; and a processing circuitry that is configured to: cause the switching circuitry to couple the plurality of terminals to a voltage source, a ground source, and the processing circuitry in accordance with a first connection profile; detect a failure of the sensing bridge or a connection between the sensing bridge and any of the plurality of terminals; select a second connection profile based on a type of the failure; and cause the switching circuitry to couple the plurality of terminals to the voltage source, the ground source, and the processing circuitry in accordance with the second connection profile.

A system and method to generate high voltage pulses for testing of electrical insulation is presented. The system is comprised of multiple bridges in series that are connected across the insulation through an output inductor. The switching of the bridges are timed to allow a resonant half-cycle of current through the output inductor and the effective capacitance of the insulation which results in a transition of the voltage across the insulation from one level to another. The sequence of switching of the bridges is swapped intermittently such that the dc links of the bridges are substantially kept balanced. In one embodiment, only the dc link of the first bridge is supplied from an external source, while the other bridges are fed via the chain of series bridges from the first bridge through the switching operation of the circuit.

An electromagnetic flowmeter and a method for measuring a property of a fluid composition, a first electric conductor with first and second ends, configured to be arranged inside a fluid conduit carrying a fluid composition comprising hydrocarbons, an RF electric signal source, and Abstract a first dual signal detector comprising first and second input ports, wherein a first terminal of the electric signal source is connected to the first end of the first electric conductor and configured to induce an RF electromagnetic wave in the fluid conduit by supplying an input electric signal to the first end of the first electric conductor, the first and second ports of the signal detector are connected to the first and second ends of the first electric conductor, respectively.

A method for measuring a contact resistance at an interface of an electrically conductive coating and a cross-ply surface of a composite layer having electrically conductive fibers. The method includes: placing a dielectric coating of a sensing pad in contact with the composite layer or with the electrically conductive coating on the cross-ply surface of the composite layer; electrically connecting first and second input terminals of a comparator to the sensing pad and to one side of a capacitor respectively; electrically connecting another side of the capacitor to a fixed resistance; electrically connecting the fixed resistance to an electrically conductive body inserted in a hole in the composite layer; supplying an alternating current to the electrically conductive body and to the fixed resistance; and outputting a characteristic voltage signal if an amplitude of the input signal at the first input terminal is at least equal to an amplitude of the input signal at the second input terminal.