A vaporizer device includes a resistive heating element; circuitry configured to control delivery of electrical power to the resistive heating element from a power source; and a controller configured to perform operations including: receiving inputs representative of a power delivery to the resistive heating element, a temperature of the resistive heating element, and/or a flow rate of air past the resistive heating element; predicting, using the received inputs, an amount of evaporation of the vaporizable material at the resistive heating element; and controlling the power delivery to the resistive heating element in response to the predicted amount of evaporation of the vaporizable material, the controlling including increasing or decreasing an instantaneous power delivery to the heating element such that a target aerosol yield is produced. Related devices, systems, methods, and articles are also described.

In an electric water heater having adjustable set point and differential temperatures, upper and lower heating elements, and associated temperature sensors respectively operative to sense upper and lower tank water temperatures, a specially designed control system is provided for controlling the heating elements. The control system is operative to prevent dry firing of the heating elements by measuring temperatures over time with the temperature sensors.

A heater system is provided, which includes a plurality of heaters, a controller for supplying power to the plurality of heaters, a plurality sets of auxiliary wires extending from the plurality of heaters, and a wire harness for connecting the plurality sets of auxiliary wires to the controller. Each set of auxiliary wires includes three wires, two of the three wires being made of different materials and being joined to form a thermocouple junction, such that each of the plurality of heaters is operable to function as both a heater and a temperature sensor.

An electric integrated circuit water heater apparatus includes: a cold water inlet for allowing input of cold water into a storage tank with heating elements comprised of integrated circuits configured to exchange heat from the heating elements to the water in the storage tank through a heat exchanger, in which heat produced by running the integrated circuits is recovered into the heat exchanger, thereby heating the stored water by using heat from the integrated circuits. A hot water outlet is provided in the upper portion of storage tank such that the water will have passed all of the heating elements prior to exiting the hot water outlet.

The heating system for a sauna comprises an oven and an accumulator. The heating system is electrically connectable to a mains which provides a first electrical power. The accumulator is provided to provide a second electrical power. The oven is operable with the first and second electrical powers to increase the thermal power.

Described herein is apparatus for heating smokable material to volatilize at least one component of the smokable material. The apparatus comprises a first casing portion comprising a first connector and a recess for receiving a cartridge, and a second casing portion comprising a second connector for engagement with the first connector. When engaged, the first and second connectors define an inlet between the first and second connectors for admitting air into the recess from an exterior of the smoking article.

Described herein is apparatus for heating smokable material to volatilize at least one component of the smokable material. The apparatus comprises a first casing portion comprising a first connector and a recess for receiving a cartridge, and a second casing portion comprising a second connector for engagement with the first connector. When engaged, the first and second connectors define an inlet between the first and second connectors for admitting air into the recess from an exterior of the smoking article.

A safety system and method to prevent water within a top portion of a tank of an electric water heater to drop below a safe temperature during a load shedding period, other than a full emergency grid failure, by a power provider whereby to prevent the propagation of harmful bacteria in a top portion the tank. A control device monitors the water temperature in the top portion of the tank by the use of a temperature sensor. If the control device detects a temperature of the water in the top portion of the tank inferior to 140 degrees F., it will by-pass the instructions of the power provider and connect power to one or more of the resistive heating elements of the tank until a predetermined temperature above 140 degrees F. is attained before switching off the resistive heating elements.

A tankless water heater system (100), with a heat exchanger device (20) comprising at least one hollow chamber (21, 22, 23, 24) and at least one electrical heating element (52, 53, 54), and a controller device (30) with a temperature control unit (35), a tap event counter unit (32), a down-time counter unit (33) and a time delay unit (34); an electrical switching element (41, 42, 43) for connecting or is connecting one or several heating elements (52, 53, 54) to/from a power supply; an outlet temperature sensor (27) linked with the temperature control unit (35); a flow rate sensor (29); wherein: the tap counter unit (32) is connected to the flow rate sensor (29) and is triggered when water flow rate exceeds a tap indication threshold the down-time counter unit (33) is triggered and retriggered by the tap counter unit (32) and both provide a down-time event signal after any inactivity period with no water flow and records the duration of inactivity; the time delay unit (34) is connected to and triggered by the tap counter unit (32) starting a delay period which duration is switched from a short default delay period to a long delay period by the down-time signal provided by the down-time counter unit (33); and the switching elements (41, 42, 53) are triggered by the time delay unit (34) only after the delay period has elapsed.

A water heating system including a tank at least one of an electric heating element and/or a heat pump assembly for heating the water in the tank and a controller operatively coupled to the at least one of an electric resistance heating element and/or a heat pump assembly configured to control operation of the water heating system is disclosed. The controller is configured to gather information comprising at least one of user preferences for the system, specifications for energy related systems of a home in which the water heating system is installed, specifications for how the water heating system is physically configured within the home, environmental parameters for a location in which the water heating system is installed, and is configured to process this information to control the water heater system to operate according to the information.