A dielectric composition includes dielectric particles. At least one of the dielectric particles include a main phase and a secondary phase. The main phase has a main component of barium titanate. The secondary phase exists inside the main phase and has a higher barium content than the main phase.

A dielectric composition includes dielectric particles. At least one of the dielectric particles include a main phase and a secondary phase. The main phase has a main component of barium titanate. The secondary phase exists inside the main phase and has a higher barium content than the main phase.

A two-dimensional perovskite material, a dielectric material including the same, and a multi-layered capacitor. The two-dimensional perovskite material includes a layered metal oxide including a first layer having a positive charge and a second layer having a negative charge which are laminated, a monolayer nanosheet exfoliated from the layered metal oxide, a nanosheet laminate of a plurality of the monolayer nanosheets, or a combination thereof, wherein the two-dimensional perovskite material a first phase having a two-dimensional crystal structure is included in an amount of greater than or equal to about 80 volume %, based on 100 volume % of the two-dimensional perovskite material, and the two-dimensional perovskite material is represented by Chemical Formula 1.

A ceramic electronic component includes a body including a dielectric layer and internal electrodes; and external electrodes disposed on the body and connected to the internal electrodes. The dielectric layer includes a plurality of grains and a grain boundary disposed between adjacent grains, and GB1/G1 is 5 or more in mass ratio, where G1 is a content of Si of one of the plurality of grains and GB1 is a content of Si of the grain boundary.

A nanoparticle cluster reduction method yields a new composition of matter including a large percentage (e.g., 75% or higher percentage) of primary nanoparticles in the new composition of matter. The particle reduction method reduces the size of nanoparticle clusters in material of the new composition of matter, allows particle reduction of specific nanoparticle cluster sizes, and allows particle reduction to primary nanoparticles. This new composition of matter can include a high permittivity and high resistivity dielectric compound. This new composition of matter, according to certain examples, has high permittivity, high resistivity, and low leakage current. In certain examples, the new composition of matter constitutes a dielectric energy storage device that is a battery with very high energy density, high operating voltage per cell, and an extended battery life cycle. An example method can include a controlled gas evolution reaction to reduce the size of nanoparticle clusters.

A ceramic electronic component includes a body including a dielectric layer and internal electrodes; and external electrodes disposed on the body and connected to the internal electrodes. The dielectric layer includes a plurality of grains and a grain boundary disposed between adjacent grains, and GB1/B1 is 5 or more in mass ratio, where G1 is a content of Si of one of the plurality of grains and GB1 is a content of Si of the grain boundary.

A dielectric composition includes a main-phase particle and segregation particles. The main-phase particle includes a main component having a perovskite crystal structure represented by a general formula of ABO.sub.3. The dielectric composition includes RA, RB, M, and Si. Each of A, B, RA, RB, and M is one or more elements selected from a specific element group. Each of an RA content C.sub.RA to the main component, an RB content C.sub.RB to the main component, an M content to the main component, and a Si content to the main component is within a predetermined range. 0.50<(α/β)/(C.sub.RA/C.sub.RB)≤1.00 is satisfied, where a is an average RA content (mol %) and f3 is an average RB content (mol %) of specific segregation particles mainly including RA, RB, Si, Ba, and Ti in the segregation particles.

A dielectric composition includes a main phase, first segregation phases, and second segregation phases. The main phase includes a main component having a perovskite crystal structure of ABO.sub.3 (A is one or more selected from Ba, Sr, and Ca, and B is one or more selected from Ti, Zr, and Hf). The first segregation phases include RE (one or more selected from rare earth elements), A, Si, Ti, and O. The second segregation phases include RE, A, Ti, and O and do not substantially include Si. 0.10<S2/S1≤1.50 is satisfied on a cross section of the dielectric composition, where S1 is an area ratio of the first segregation phases, and S2 is an area ratio of the second segregation phases.

A capacitor according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is provided with a capacitor body in which a plurality of dielectric layers and a plurality of internal electrode layers are alternately laminated. The dielectric layers each includes crystal particles, grain boundaries and metal particles. An average particle size of the metal particles is smaller than an average particle size of the crystal particles and larger than an average width of interfacial grain boundaries among the grain boundaries. Observation of the longitudinal cross section of the dielectric layer shows that the metal particles are distributed along the width direction and the thickness direction of the dielectric layer.

A composite structure including a conductor region that is configured from a first oxide, and an insulator region that is configured from a second oxide and that surrounds the conductor region, wherein the first oxide and the second oxide are in hetero structure with each other. A powder and a fired body each having such a composite structure are also preferable.